Personal Income of Migrants, Australia

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Statistics on personal income of migrants including employee income, own unincorporated business income, investment income and other income

Reference period

2013-14 financial year

Released

27/07/2017

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Key statistics

1.4 million migrant taxpayers generated $84 billion in total personal income in 2013-14, a 7 per cent increase in real terms on 2012-13.
Almost two-thirds (64%) were skilled migrants; 29% family migrants, 5% humanitarian migrants and less than 3% held a provisional visa.
Most income (90 %) was earned as employee income.
The migrant taxpayers' median employee income ($48,400) was higher than the median employee income for all Australian taxpayers ($45,700).

Introduction

This release presents detailed information on the sources of personal income that migrants received in the 2013-14 financial year including;

Employee income;
Own unincorporated business income;
Investment income; and
Other income (excluding Government pensions and allowances).

The personal income of these migrants is presented by characteristics such as the migrant's entry conditions to Australia (i.e. visa stream, applicant status and location of visa application) as well as country of birth, year of arrival and length of stay. This is the fourth release of data from the Personal Income Tax and Migrants Integrated Dataset (PITMID) project. Previous releases presented data for the 2009-10, 2010-11 and 2011-12 financial years. A separate publication for the 2012-13 financial year has not been released though data for this financial year has been included in time series tables for this publication.

These statistics relate to migrants aged 15 years and over, with a permanent or provisional visa who arrived after 1 January 2000.

This release contains a number of data tables showing the various financial characteristics of permanent migrants, across and within the Skill, Family, Humanitarian and Provisional visa streams. In addition, this release presents three case studies: one on migrant taxpayers born in Sri Lanka, and one each on those holding a Family or a Humanitarian visa. In 2013-14, Sri Lanka was among the top ten most common countries of birth for all Permanent and Provisional visa streams except the Family stream. Whilst there has been an increase from 2012-13 to 2013-14 in the number of migrant taxpayers submitting an income tax return and in the amount of income reported, the proportions of migrants in each of the visa streams and the proportions of income attributed to them has remained relatively stable.

The 2013-14 PITMID has been developed with the support of the Australian Taxation Office (ATO), Department of Immigration and Border Protection (DIBP) and the Department of Social Services (DSS). This initiative demonstrates the power of data sharing and integration in strengthening the evidence base to support stronger policy development, programme delivery and research.

Approach

These statistics have been compiled by linking individual taxpayer unit record data from the ATO and migrant settlement records from the Australian Government's Permanent Migrant Data (PMD). Legislative requirements to ensure privacy and secrecy of this data have been adhered to. In accordance with the Census and Statistics Act 1905, results have been confidentialised to ensure that they are not likely to enable identification of a particular person or organisation. Both the ATO and the ABS handle personal information contained in the data in accordance with the Australian Privacy Principles in the Privacy Act 1988.

The results of these studies are based, in part, on tax data supplied by the ATO to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) under the Taxation Administration Act 1953, which requires that such data is only used for the purpose of administering the Census and Statistics Act 1905. Any discussion of data limitations or weaknesses is in the context of using the data for statistical purposes, and is not related to the ability of the data to support the ATO's core operational requirements.

Data provided to the ABS by the ATO are from taxation returns processed up to 16 months after the end of the financial year (i.e. returns processed up to 31 October 2015 for the financial year ending 30 June 2014).

When interpreting these results, it should be noted that for the purposes of providing statistical measures for the entire population, the ATO database has some limits to its coverage. Persons who receive an income below the tax-free threshold ($18,200 in 2013-14) are not necessarily required to lodge a tax return and this can include people who derive their income from government pensions and allowances. In addition, some Australian Government pension, benefit and allowance payments are exempt from income tax and therefore recipients are not required to include this income in their taxation returns. Consequently, the coverage of all low income earners is incomplete and Government pensions and allowances are excluded from the data presented in this publication. Sources and methods for including more complete Government pensions and allowances information from other administrative DSS datasets are being considered for future iterations of this project.

Changes in income from previous years (2009-10 to 2012-13) are presented in 'real terms' i.e. in 2013-14 dollars, adjusted using changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI).

It is also important to note that most references to the migrant population in this publication refer to migrant taxpayers, not the entire population of permanent migrants in Australia. Tables and graphs include data for only those migrants who had submitted a tax return.

Data on the personal income of migrants from the PITMID are unique and differ from the ATO statistics produced for the total Australian taxpayer population as well as the aggregate Personal Income Tax (PIT) statistics presented in Wage and Salary Earner Statistics for Small Areas (cat. no. 5673.0.55.003) and the Estimates of Personal Income for Small Areas (cat. no. 6524.0.55.002) (see Explanatory Notes).

When presenting statistics on income created from unit record data such as the 2013-14 PITMID, the ABS uses medians which measure the midpoint of the data (as income data is usually skewed). In some cases, median income for the Australian taxpayer data is not available for comparison.

This release is also accompanied by a Glossary, Explanatory Notes and detailed Data Item List.

Overview of migrant taxpayers, 2013-14

Permanent migrants who have arrived since 2000

According to the Department of Immigration and Border Protection (DIBP) migration statistics, 2.2 million permanent visas were granted to migrants between 1 July 2000 and 30 June 2014 (DIBP, 2015). Although levels fluctuated from year to year throughout this period, migrants who entered Australia were predominantly from the Skill stream, representing almost two thirds of permanent migrants (60%). A further 31% were Family migrants and 9% were Humanitarian migrants.

Graph 1 - Migration and humanitarian programme outcomes, proportion of total visa grants (a), by financial year of visa grant and visa stream
Financial year of grant	Skill (%)	Family (%)	Humanitarian (%)
2001-02	50.8	36.1	11.7
2002-03	55	33.9	10.1
2003-04	55.7	33	10.6
2004-05	58.6	31.4	9.7
2005-06	62.1	28.9	8.7
2006-07	60.8	31.1	7.9
2007-08	63.4	29.1	7.4
2008-09	62.1	30.5	7.3
2009-10	59.1	33	7.5
2010-11	62.3	29.9	7.6
2011-12	63.3	29.5	6.9
2012-13	61.4	28.7	9.5
2013-14	63.1	30	6.8

Graph 1 - Migration and humanitarian programme outcomes, proportion of total visa grants (a), by financial year of visa grant and visa stream

["Financial year of grant","Skill","Family","Humanitarian"]

[["2001-02","2002-03","2003-04","2004-05","2005-06","2006-07","2007-08","2008-09","2009-10","2010-11","2011-12","2012-13","2013-14"],[[50.799999999999997],[55],[55.700000000000003],[58.600000000000001],[62.100000000000001],[60.799999999999997],[63.399999999999999],[62.100000000000001],[59.100000000000001],[62.299999999999997],[63.299999999999997],[61.399999999999999],[63.100000000000001]],[[36.100000000000001],[33.899999999999999],[33],[31.399999999999999],[28.899999999999999],[31.100000000000001],[29.100000000000001],[30.5],[33],[29.899999999999999],[29.5],[28.699999999999999],[30]],[[11.699999999999999],[10.1],[10.6],[9.6999999999999993],[8.6999999999999993],[7.9000000000000004],[7.4000000000000004],[7.2999999999999998],[7.5],[7.5999999999999996],[6.9000000000000004],[9.5],[6.7999999999999998]]]

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Includes Visa stream "Special eligibility".

Source(s): Historical Migration Statistics, Department of Immigration and Border Protection (DIBP), 2015

Permanent migrant taxpayers

According to the 2013-14 Personal Income Tax and Migrants Integrated Dataset (PITMID):

Almost two-thirds of migrant taxpayers held a Skill stream visa (64%). A further 29% were Family stream migrants, 5% were Humanitarian migrants and less than 3% held a Provisional visa;
Migrant taxpayers reported $84 billion in total personal income in 2013-14, an increase of 7% on 2012-13. The majority share of this income was reported by Skill stream migrants (73%), followed by those in the Family stream (23%);
Most migrant taxpayers’ personal income was Employee income ($76 billion or 90%). This represented a 5.9% increase in real terms on this group's total Employee income in 2012-13; and
The number of migrant taxpayers in 2013-14 increased by 6.1% compared with migrant taxpayers in 2012-13.

Graph 2 shows that the proportion of migrant taxpayers by visa stream has remained fairly stable for the last five years.

Graph 2 - Migrant taxpayers, proportion of migrants (a), by visa type, 2009-10 to 2013-14
	Skill (%)	Family (%)	Humanitarian (%)	Provisional (%)
2009-10	63.4	27.8	4.0	4.7
2010-11	62.3	28.3	4.4	4.9
2011-12	61.2	28.8	4.8	5.1
2012-13	64.2	28.7	4.7	2.3
2013-14	63.5	28.8	5.0	2.6

Graph 2 - Migrant taxpayers, proportion of migrants (a), by visa type, 2009-10 to 2013-14

["","Skill","Family","Humanitarian","Provisional"]

[["2009-10","2010-11","2011-12","2012-13","2013-14"],[[63.399999999999999],[62.299999999999997],[61.200000000000003],[64.200000000000003],[63.5]],[[27.800000000000001],[28.300000000000001],[28.800000000000001],[28.699999999999999],[28.800000000000001]],[[4],[4.4000000000000004],[4.7999999999999998],[4.7000000000000002],[5]],[[4.7000000000000002],[4.9000000000000004],[5.0999999999999996],[2.2999999999999998],[2.6000000000000001]]]

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Includes Visa stream "Other permanent" and "Unknown".

Table 1 - Migrant taxpayers, total income by visa stream, 2012-13 and 2013-14 (a)

	2012-13					2013-14
	Persons		Total income		Median income	Persons		Total income		Median income	Change in Median income
	No	%	$ million	%	$	No	%	$ million	%	$	%
Skill	868 387	64.2	57 603	73.3	52 306	911 500	63.5	61 001	72.9	52 892	1.1
Family	388 680	28.7	17 921	22.8	36 441	413 641	28.8	19 167	22.9	36 618	0.5
Humanitarian	64 050	4.7	2 188	2.8	29 615	71 627	5.0	2 478	3.0	30 277	2.2
Other permanent	1 016	0.1	54	0.1	44 645	1 056	0.1	55	0.1	42 494	-4.8
Provisional	31 201	2.3	860	1.1	23 860	37 440	2.6	999	1.2	22 568	-5.4
Total (b)	1 353 334	100.0	78 625	100.0	44 955	1 435 264	100.0	83 701	100.0	45 200	0.5

a. In real terms, i.e. income amounts from 2012-13 to 2013-14 are in 2013-14 dollars, adjusted using changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
b. Includes Visa stream "Unknown".

Median incomes of migrant taxpayers

The median Employee income of migrant taxpayers in 2013-14 was $48,400. This represented a 1.0% increase in real terms on median Employee income in 2012-13. The median Employee income of migrant taxpayers was higher than the median Employee income for all Australian taxpayers ($45,700).
Skill stream migrant taxpayers had the highest median Employee income at $55,400.
Humanitarian migrants and those who held a Provisional visa had the lowest median Employee incomes, with $34,000 and $22,800 respectively.

Graph 3 - Migrant taxpayers, median employee income, by visa stream, 2011-12 to 2013-14 (a)
Visa stream	2011-12 ($)	2012-13 ($)	2013-14 ($)
Skill	54,618	54,747	55,443
Family	37,419	39,202	39,455
Humanitarian	28,521	32,628	34,004
Other permanent	44,060	48,096	45,734
Provisional	33,125	24,181	22,845

Graph 3 - Migrant taxpayers, median employee income, by visa stream, 2011-12 to 2013-14 (a)

["Visa stream","2011-12","2012-13","2013-14"]

[["Skill","Family","Humanitarian","Other permanent","Provisional"],[[54618],[37419],[28521],[44060],[33125]],[[54747],[39202],[32628],[48096],[24181]],[[55443],[39455],[34004],[45734],[22845]]]

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In real terms, i.e. income amounts from 2011-12 to 2013-14 are in 2013-14 dollars, adjusted using changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI).

In 2013-14, migrants with Other permanent visas recorded the highest median Business income ($16,000). Humanitarian migrants continued to have high median Business income in 2013-14 ($15,700) representing an increase of 12% on 2012-13.

Graph 4 - Migrant taxpayers, median business income, by visa stream, 2011-12 to 2013-14 (a)
Visa stream	2011-12 ($)	2012-13 ($)	2013-14 ($)
Skill	9,834	11,323	11,717
Family	11,593	13,026	13,559
Humanitarian	15,129	14,061	15,716
Other permanent	13,441	16,248	16,021
Provisional	8,901	9,706	9,936

Graph 4 - Migrant taxpayers, median business income, by visa stream, 2011-12 to 2013-14 (a)

["Visa stream","2011-12","2012-13","2013-14"]

[["Skill","Family","Humanitarian","Other permanent","Provisional"],[[9834],[11593],[15129],[13441],[8901]],[[11323],[13026],[14061],[16248],[9706]],[[11717],[13559],[15716],[16021],[9936]]]

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In real terms, i.e. income amounts from 2011-12 to 2013-14 are in 2013-14 dollars, adjusted using changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI).

Permanent and temporary residency status and income

Almost 70% of all permanent migrant taxpayers indicated that they had held a Temporary visa prior to becoming a permanent resident.

In terms of the individual visa streams:

Almost all migrant taxpayers with a Provisional visa held a Temporary visa prior to a permanent visa;
Almost three-quarters of Skill stream migrants held a Temporary visa prior to a permanent visa;
Almost two-thirds of Family stream migrants held a Temporary visa prior to a permanent visa; and
One in six Humanitarian migrants held a Temporary visa prior to a permanent visa.

Graph 5 - Migrant taxpayers, proportion of migrants, by visa stream and whether a temporary resident prior to permanent resident, 2013-14
Visa stream	Temporary resident prior to permanent resident (%)	Permanent resident on arrival (a) (%)
Skill	74	25
Family	63.4	36.1
Humanitarian	15.8	70.6
Other permanent	41.6	40.5
Provisional	98.1	1.9

Graph 5 - Migrant taxpayers, proportion of migrants, by visa stream and whether a temporary resident prior to permanent resident, 2013-14

["Visa stream","Temporary resident prior to permanent resident","Permanent resident on arrival (a)"]

[["Skill","Family","Humanitarian","Other permanent","Provisional"],[[74],[63.399999999999999],[15.800000000000001],[41.600000000000001],[98.099999999999994]],[[25],[36.100000000000001],[70.599999999999994],[40.5],[1.8999999999999999]]]

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Includes migrants who held a Provisional visa on arrival in Australia.

In terms of their median Employee income in 2013-14:

Family stream migrant taxpayers who previously held a Temporary visa experienced a positive effect on their median Employee income ($39,700 for those who had previously held a temporary visa compared with $35,900 for those who had not);
Skill stream migrant taxpayers who previously held a Temporary visa reported slightly higher median Employee income than those who were permanent residents on arrival ($53,500 compared with $52,600);
Prior residency status had little impact on the median Employee income of Humanitarian and Provisional migrants (differences of $200 or less); and
Only migrant taxpayers with an Other permanent visa who had previously held a Temporary visa reported a lower median Employee income than those who were permanent residents on arrival ($46,400 compared with $47,800).

Graph 6 - Migrant taxpayers, median employee income, by visa stream and whether a temporary resident prior to permanent resident, 2013-14
Visa stream	Temporary resident prior to permanent resident ($)	Permanent resident on arrival (a) ($)
Skill	53,504	52,643
Family	39,725	35,923
Humanitarian	32,590	32,612
Other permanent	46,436	47,836
Provisional	23,549	23,341

Graph 6 - Migrant taxpayers, median employee income, by visa stream and whether a temporary resident prior to permanent resident, 2013-14

["Visa stream","Temporary resident prior to permanent resident","Permanent resident on arrival (a)"]

[["Skill","Family","Humanitarian","Other permanent","Provisional"],[[53504],[39725],[32590],[46436],[23549]],[[52643],[35923],[32612],[47836],[23341]]]

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Includes migrants who held a Provisional visa on arrival in Australia.

Notes

References

Case study - Family migrants

The Family stream is one of the main components of Australia's Migration Programme, making up almost a third (30%) of all permanent residency visas granted under the Australian Government's Migration Programme and Humanitarian Programme in 2013-14 (DIBP, 2015). The Family stream allows Australian citizens, permanent residents or eligible New Zealand citizens to bring their partner, children, parents or other close family members to live in Australia (DIBP, 2017). In addition to the personal benefits of family reunification, there are wider benefits for Australia with family members contributing to the Australian population, society and economy.

How much personal income did family migrants generate in 2013-14?

Table 2 - Family migrant taxpayers, by source of income, 2011-12 to 2013-14 (a)
	2011-12 Persons (No.)	Income ($) million	2012-13 Persons (No.)	Income ($) million	2013-14 Persons (No.)	Income ($) million
Employee income	249,801	11,265	342,573	15,572	343,394	16,533
Business income	41,099	789	55,392	1,106	61,233	1,261
Investment income	164,126	613	227,237	960	246,603	1,038
Other income (b)(c)	27,475	208	36,875	281	36,683	335
Total income (c)	279,290	12,875	388,681	17,920	413,641	19,167

Employee income

In 2013-14, Employee income was the most commonly reported source of income for Family migrants, with 83% of Family stream migrant taxpayers reporting income from this source. They accounted for 27% of all migrants who reported Employee income and reported 22% ($17 billion) of all Employee income by migrant taxpayers in 2013-14.

As shown in Table 3, most migrants in the Family stream who earned Employee income in 2013-14 were primary applicants (92%). These migrants earned $16 billion in total Employee income. A primary applicant or main applicant is generally the person whose skills or proposed activities in Australia are assessed by the Department of Immigration and Border Protection (DIBP) as part of their visa application. A secondary applicant is a person whose visa was granted on the basis of being a family member (e.g. spouse, dependent child) of a person who qualified for a visa.

Table 3 - Family migrant taxpayers, number of migrants, total employee income and median employee income, by applicant status, 2013-14
	Persons (No.)	%	Total Employee income ($) billion	%	Median Employee income ($)
Primary applicant	316,694	92.2	15.7	94.7	40,423
Secondary applicant	26,700	7.8	0.9	5.3	28,081
Total	343,394	100.0	16.5	100.0	39,455

As shown in Graph 7B, men aged 35 to 44 years had the highest median Employee income at $62,900 of all Family stream migrants. Female employees outnumbered male employees in each age group, but generally had lower median Employee income than males. Whilst this difference was observed for all age groups, there are many inter-related factors in addition to sex that are known to influence and explain the observed differences in earnings between males and females. These factors include differing rates of labour market participation, variations in hours worked, occupations, forms of employment and working arrangements which impact upon the income males and females receive (ABS 2014).

Graph 7A - Family migrant taxpayers, number of migrants, by age group and sex, 2013-14
Age group (years)	Males (migrants)	Females (migrants)
15-17	1,405	1,441
18-24	14,959	22,585
25-34	55,821	96,039
35-44	44,355	52,498
45-54	15,595	20,812
55 or more	8,351	9,521

Graph 7A - Family migrant taxpayers, number of migrants, by age group and sex, 2013-14

["Age group (years)","Males","Females"]

[["15-17","18-24","25-34","35-44","45-54","55 or more"],[[1405],[14959],[55821],[44355],[15595],[8351]],[[1441],[22585],[96039],[52498],[20812],[9521]]]

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Graph 7B - Family migrant taxpayers, median employee income, by age group and sex, 2013-14
Age group (years)	Males ($)	Females ($)
15-17	10,067	8,250
18-24	27,636	23,296
25-34	47,507	35,349
35-44	62,873	37,930
45-54	55,000	37,573
55 or more	38,675	31,283

Graph 7B - Family migrant taxpayers, median employee income, by age group and sex, 2013-14

["Age group (years)","Males","Females"]

[["15-17","18-24","25-34","35-44","45-54","55 or more"],[[10067],[27636],[47507],[62873],[55000],[38675]],[[8250],[23296],[35349],[37930],[37573],[31283]]]

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In 2013-14,

almost a third of Family stream employees were employed as Labourers (15%) or Community and Personal Service workers (15%), with median Employee incomes of $29,400 and $29,600 respectively;
a fifth (20%) were employed as Professionals with a median Employee income of $61,600; and
men reported a higher median Employee income than women in all occupation groups.

Graph 8A - Family migrant taxpayers, proportion of migrants reporting each occupation (a), by sex, 2013-14
	Males (%)	Females (%)	Persons (%)
Labourers	17.2	13.7	15.1
Machinery Operators and Drivers	9.0	1.5	4.5
Sales Workers	6.1	9.6	8.2
Clerical and Administrative Workers	6.9	19.2	14.2
Community and Personal Service Workers	8.5	18.9	14.6
Technicians and Trades Workers	17.0	4.1	9.4
Professionals	18.3	20.5	19.6
Managers	13.7	8.9	10.9

Graph 8A - Family migrant taxpayers, proportion of migrants reporting each occupation (a), by sex, 2013-14

["","Males","Females","Persons"]

[["Labourers","Machinery Operators and Drivers","Sales Workers","Clerical and Administrative Workers","Community and Personal Service Workers","Technicians and Trades Workers","Professionals","Managers"],[[17.199999999999999],[9],[6.0999999999999996],[6.9000000000000004],[8.5],[17],[18.300000000000001],[13.699999999999999]],[[13.699999999999999],[1.5],[9.5999999999999996],[19.199999999999999],[18.899999999999999],[4.0999999999999996],[20.5],[8.9000000000000004]],[[15.1],[4.5],[8.1999999999999993],[14.199999999999999],[14.6],[9.4000000000000004],[19.600000000000001],[10.9]]]

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Includes Occupation "Inadequately described".

Graph 8B - Family migrant taxpayers, median employee income, by occupation of main job and sex, 2013-14
	Males ($)	Females ($)	Persons ($)
Labourers	34,758	25,895	29,354
Machinery Operators and Drivers	46,955	34,947	43,907
Sales Workers	35,295	23,468	26,235
Clerical and Administrative Workers	52,194	37,795	40,466
Community and Personal Service Workers	39,700	27,376	29,642
Technicians and Trades Workers	46,559	33,222	42,449
Professionals	78,519	53,089	61,622
Managers	68,113	45,919	54,673

Graph 8B - Family migrant taxpayers, median employee income, by occupation of main job and sex, 2013-14

["","Males","Females","Persons"]

[["Labourers","Machinery Operators and Drivers","Sales Workers","Clerical and Administrative Workers","Community and Personal Service Workers","Technicians and Trades Workers","Professionals","Managers"],[[34758],[46955],[35295],[52194],[39700],[46559],[78519],[68113]],[[25895],[34947],[23468],[37795],[27376],[33222],[53089],[45919]],[[29354],[43907],[26235],[40466],[29642],[42449],[61622],[54673]]]

[]

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[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"20000","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"$","precision":"0","table_units":"($)","tooltip_units":"","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"$","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

In terms of primary and secondary applicants in the Family stream:

the highest median Employee income was reported by Primary applicants working as Professionals ($62,200);
the highest median Employee income for Secondary applicants was reported by those working as Professionals ($51,500); and
primary applicants reported a higher value for median Employee income than secondary applicants for all major occupations.

Graph 9 - Family migrant taxpayers, median employee income, by occupation of main job and applicant status, 2013-14
Occupation of main job	Primary applicant ($)	Secondary applicant ($)
Labourers	30,002	23,367
Machinery Operators and Drivers	44,827	37,163
Sales Workers	28,000	17,460
Clerical and Administrative Workers	40,954	32,970
Community and Personal Service Workers	30,214	24,199
Technicians and Trades Workers	43,574	33,540
Professionals	62,221	51,516
Managers	55,729	38,764

Graph 9 - Family migrant taxpayers, median employee income, by occupation of main job and applicant status, 2013-14

["Occupation of main job","Primary applicant","Secondary applicant"]

[["Labourers","Machinery Operators and Drivers","Sales Workers","Clerical and Administrative Workers","Community and Personal Service Workers","Technicians and Trades Workers","Professionals","Managers"],[[30002],[44827],[28000],[40954],[30214],[43574],[62221],[55729]],[[23367],[37163],[17460],[32970],[24199],[33540],[51516],[38764]]]

[]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"","axis_max":"","axis_title":"","precision":-1,"axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"20000","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"$","precision":"0","table_units":"($)","tooltip_units":"","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"$","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Business income

Investment income

Other income

Family stream migrants reported $335 million in Other income in 2013-14, representing 31% of all migrants who reported income from other sources.

In 2013-14:

Men with a Family visa recorded $213 million in total Other income, almost double the amount reported by women ($123 million);
Family migrant taxpayers aged 55 years and over reported the most Other income (69% for men, 60% for women); and
The highest median Other income ($17,400) was recorded by males aged 55 years and over.

Graph 10A - Family migrant taxpayers, proportion of business income, by age group and sex, 2013-14
Age group (years)	Males (%)	Females (%)
15-17	0.1	0.1
18-24	3	1.7
25-34	19.2	14
35-44	24.6	14.2
45-54	9.9	6
55 and over	4.6	2.6

Graph 10A - Family migrant taxpayers, proportion of business income, by age group and sex, 2013-14

["Age group (years)","Males","Females"]

[["15-17","18-24","25-34","35-44","45-54","55 and over"],[[0.10000000000000001],[3],[19.199999999999999],[24.600000000000001],[9.9000000000000004],[4.5999999999999996]],[[0.10000000000000001],[1.7],[14],[14.199999999999999],[6],[2.6000000000000001]]]

[]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"","axis_max":"","axis_title":"","precision":-1,"axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"5","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"%","precision":"","table_units":"(%)","tooltip_units":"(%)","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Graph 10B - Family migrant taxpayers, proportion of investment income, by age group and sex, 2013-14
Age group (years)	Males (%)	Females (%)
15-17	0.2	0.3
18-24	0.8	2.2
25-34	4	16.5
35-44	10.9	22.8
45-54	6	8.5
55 and over	10.6	17.3

Graph 10B - Family migrant taxpayers, proportion of investment income, by age group and sex, 2013-14

["Age group (years)","Males","Females"]

[["15-17","18-24","25-34","35-44","45-54","55 and over"],[[0.20000000000000001],[0.80000000000000004],[4],[10.9],[6],[10.6]],[[0.29999999999999999],[2.2000000000000002],[16.5],[22.800000000000001],[8.5],[17.300000000000001]]]

[]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"","axis_max":"","axis_title":"","precision":-1,"axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"5","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"%","precision":"","table_units":"(%)","tooltip_units":"(%)","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Graph 10C - Family migrant taxpayers, proportion of other income, by age group and sex, 2013-14
Age group (years)	Males (%)	Females (%)
15-17	0.1	0.1
18-24	0.6	0.5
25-34	5.7	4.5
35-44	12.8	7.8
45-54	17.3	6
55 and over	30.8	13.8

Graph 10C - Family migrant taxpayers, proportion of other income, by age group and sex, 2013-14

["Age group (years)","Males","Females"]

[["15-17","18-24","25-34","35-44","45-54","55 and over"],[[0.10000000000000001],[0.59999999999999998],[5.7000000000000002],[12.800000000000001],[17.300000000000001],[30.800000000000001]],[[0.10000000000000001],[0.5],[4.5],[7.7999999999999998],[6],[13.800000000000001]]]

[]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"","axis_max":"","axis_title":"","precision":-1,"axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"5","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"%","precision":"","table_units":"(%)","tooltip_units":"(%)","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Notes

References

Case study - Humanitarian migrants

Background - Humanitarian entrants in 2013-14

The Australian Government’s Humanitarian Programme is an important part of Australia's contribution to the protection of refugees and others in humanitarian need. The protection of refugees and people in humanitarian need is a major global challenge for the international community. The Office of the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) estimates that there were just over 51 million forcibly displaced people worldwide in 2013 and almost 60 million in 2014 (UNHCR, 2015)

Australia's Humanitarian Programme has two components: resettlement in Australia for people offshore who have been determined to be refugees or in humanitarian need, and protection for those people who are already onshore who successfully claim Australia’s protection under, for example, the Refugee Conventions (DIBP, 2014).

Each year the size and focus of the Humanitarian programme changes in response to evolving humanitarian situations. In 2013-14, a total of 13,768 Humanitarian visas were granted. Of these, 47% were Refugee visas, 33% were Special Humanitarian visas and 20% were under Protection visas and other visas granted onshore (DIBP, 2014).

Graph 11 - Humanitarian programme visa grants, by visa type, 2001-02 to 2013-14
Financial year of visa grant	Refugee (visa grants)	Special Humanitarian Programme (visa grants)	Other (a) (visa grants)
2001-02	4,105	4,197	4,014
2002-03	3,996	7,212	911
2003-04	3,851	8,912	784
2004-05	5,289	6,684	952
2005-06	5,699	6,739	1,247
2006-07	5,924	5,157	1,707
2007-08	5,951	4,721	1,932
2008-09	6,446	4,471	2,495
2009-10	5,988	3,234	4,535
2010-11	5,998	2,973	4,828
2011-12	6,004	714	7,041
2012-13	12,012	503	7,504
2013-14	6,501	4,515	2,752

Graph 11 - Humanitarian programme visa grants, by visa type, 2001-02 to 2013-14

["Financial year of visa grant","Refugee","Special Humanitarian Programme","Other (a)"]

[["2001-02","2002-03","2003-04","2004-05","2005-06","2006-07","2007-08","2008-09","2009-10","2010-11","2011-12","2012-13","2013-14"],[[4105],[3996],[3851],[5289],[5699],[5924],[5951],[6446],[5988],[5998],[6004],[12012],[6501]],[[4197],[7212],[8912],[6684],[6739],[5157],[4721],[4471],[3234],[2973],[714],[503],[4515]],[[4014],[911],[784],[952],[1247],[1707],[1932],[2495],[4535],[4828],[7041],[7504],[2752]]]

[]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"","axis_max":"","axis_title":"","precision":-1,"axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"2000","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"No.","precision":"0","table_units":"(visa grants)","tooltip_units":"(visa grants)","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Includes "Special Assistance Category" and "Onshore".

Source(s): Historical migration statistics, Department of Immigration and Border Protection (DIBP), 2015

Humanitarian visas were granted to persons born in Asia (50%), the Middle East (35%) and Africa (15%). The top five countries of birth in 2013-14 for persons granted Humanitarian offshore visas were Afghanistan, Iraq, Myanmar, Syria and Bhutan. Almost half (46%) of offshore Humanitarian visas were granted to persons born in Afghanistan and Iraq (DIBP, 2014).

How much income did humanitarian migrants generate in 2013-14?

Table 4 - Humanitarian migrant taxpayers, by source of income, 2011-12 to 2013-14 (a)
	2011-12 Persons (No.)	Income ($) million	2012-13 Persons (No.)	Income ($) million	2013-14 Persons (No.)	Income ($) million
Employee income	43,172	1,364	52,604	1,890	56,719	2,081
Business income	8,551	157	13,949	251	18,336	346
Investment income	14,558	15	21,053	38	24,946	39
Other income (b)(c)	2,552	3	3,811	9	4,347	11
Total income (c)	46,317	1,538	64,050	2,188	71,627	2,478

What are the main countries of birth of humanitarian migrant taxpayers?

The 2013-14 PITMID showed the largest proportion of Humanitarian migrant taxpayers were born in Sudan (16%) and they recorded $370 million in Total income. They were followed closely by those born in Afghanistan (15%) with $346 million. Sudanese and Afghani taxpayers accounted for 29% of Humanitarian Total income and had similar median Total income ($28,000 and $27,700 respectively).

Humanitarian taxpayers born in Sri Lanka represented 4% of all migrant taxpayers but had the highest median Total income at $42,000. Similarly, those born in Sierra Leone represented 3% of all migrant taxpayers but had the second highest median Total income of $41,400 in 2013-14.

The two most common countries of birth for Humanitarian migrant taxpayers were Sudan and Afghanistan. The majority (67%) of Sudanese taxpayers arrived from 2003 to 2006, peaking in 2004 with 21% of all arrivals. In contrast, most taxpayers born in Afghanistan were recent arrivals, with more than half (54%) arriving between 2009 and 2013.

Humanitarian taxpayers born in Afghanistan with a year of arrival from 2000 to 2007 had similar median incomes to their Sudanese counterparts who arrived at the same time.

Recently arrived Humanitarian migrant taxpayers from Afghanistan (arrived 2008 to 2012) reported consistently higher median Total incomes than recently arrived Sudanese migrant taxpayers.

Graph 12A - Humanitarian migrant taxpayers, proportion of migrants, by year of arrival, 2013-14
Year of arrival	Sudan (%)	Afghanistan (%)
2000	3	6.2
2001	4.3	7.3
2002	6.9	4.8
2003	14.3	4.3
2004	21.5	4
2005	17.8	5.6
2006	13.7	4.8
2007	5.8	3.7
2008	3.8	3.7
2009	2.9	8.1
2010	2.2	9.8
2011	1.6	15
2012	0.9	16.9
2013	0.8	3.9

Graph 12A - Humanitarian migrant taxpayers, proportion of migrants, by year of arrival, 2013-14

["Year of arrival","Sudan","Afghanistan"]

[["2000","2001","2002","2003","2004","2005","2006","2007","2008","2009","2010","2011","2012","2013"],[[3],[4.2999999999999998],[6.9000000000000004],[14.300000000000001],[21.5],[17.800000000000001],[13.699999999999999],[5.7999999999999998],[3.7999999999999998],[2.8999999999999999],[2.2000000000000002],[1.6000000000000001],[0.90000000000000002],[0.80000000000000004]],[[6.2000000000000002],[7.2999999999999998],[4.7999999999999998],[4.2999999999999998],[4],[5.5999999999999996],[4.7999999999999998],[3.7000000000000002],[3.7000000000000002],[8.0999999999999996],[9.8000000000000007],[15],[16.899999999999999],[3.8999999999999999]]]

[]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"","axis_max":"","axis_title":"","precision":-1,"axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"%","precision":"","table_units":"(%)","tooltip_units":"(%)","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Graph 12B - Humanitarian migrant taxpayers, median total income, by year of arrival, 2013-14
Year of arrival	Sudan ($)	Afghanistan ($)
2000	34,751	31,973
2001	33,463	32,142
2002	30,370	31,093
2003	28,911	28,026
2004	28,983	28,033
2005	27,997	24,689
2006	26,742	24,172
2007	24,049	26,272
2008	22,093	30,199
2009	19,601	31,475
2010	22,000	29,475
2011	16,288	28,362
2012	19,549	25,795
2013	13,758	16,025

Graph 12B - Humanitarian migrant taxpayers, median total income, by year of arrival, 2013-14

["Year of arrival","Sudan","Afghanistan"]

[["2000","2001","2002","2003","2004","2005","2006","2007","2008","2009","2010","2011","2012","2013"],[[34751],[33463],[30370],[28911],[28983],[27997],[26742],[24049],[22093],[19601],[22000],[16288],[19549],[13758]],[[31973],[32142],[31093],[28026],[28033],[24689],[24172],[26272],[30199],[31475],[29475],[28362],[25795],[16025]]]

[]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"","axis_max":"","axis_title":"","precision":-1,"axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"$","precision":"","table_units":"($)","tooltip_units":"","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"$","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

As shown in Graph 13B, Sudanese taxpayers with a Humanitarian visa reported the highest proportion of Employee income with 15% ($304 million) and reported the second highest proportion of Business income (18%) in 2013-14.

Humanitarian migrant taxpayers born in Afghanistan reported a quarter of all Business income ($88 million) by Humanitarian taxpayers and one of the highest median business incomes ($19,200).

Humanitarian migrant taxpayers from Afghanistan recorded the most Other income in 2013-14 with $2.4 million (21%).

Migrant taxpayers born in Iraq reported a quarter of Investment income ($9.7 million) and the second highest Other income ($1.9 million or 17%) recorded by Humanitarian migrants in 2013-14.

Graph 13A - Humanitarian migrant taxpayers, proportion of migrants, by source of income and selected country of birth, 2013-14
Source of income	Sudan (%)	Afghanistan (%)	Iraq (%)	Myanmar (%)	Iran (%)
Employee	14.6	13.6	10.1	8.4	6.5
Business	19.5	22.1	11.5	3.9	5.9
Investment	14.4	11.3	11.4	5	6.8
Other (a)(b)	20.5	14.4	11.4	3.7	6

Graph 13A - Humanitarian migrant taxpayers, proportion of migrants, by source of income and selected country of birth, 2013-14

["Source of income","Sudan","Afghanistan","Iraq","Myanmar","Iran"]

[["Employee","Business","Investment","Other (a)(b)"],[[14.6],[19.5],[14.4],[20.5]],[[13.6],[22.100000000000001],[11.300000000000001],[14.4]],[[10.1],[11.5],[11.4],[11.4]],[[8.4000000000000004],[3.8999999999999999],[5],[3.7000000000000002]],[[6.5],[5.9000000000000004],[6.7999999999999998],[6]]]

[]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"","axis_max":"","axis_title":"","precision":-1,"axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"%","precision":"","table_units":"(%)","tooltip_units":"(%)","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Includes Superannuation and annuities income.
Excludes Government pensions and allowances.

Graph 13B - Humanitarian migrant taxpayers, proportion of income, by source of income and selected country of birth, 2013-14
Source of income	Sudan (%)	Afghanistan (%)	Iraq (%)	Myanmar (%)	Iran (%)
Employee	14.6	12	10.1	8	6.2
Business	17.9	25.4	11.4	2.9	6.2
Investment	7.9	13.4	24.7	2.6	3.3
Other (a)(b)	10.3	21.4	17	1.6	3.2

Graph 13B - Humanitarian migrant taxpayers, proportion of income, by source of income and selected country of birth, 2013-14

["Source of income","Sudan","Afghanistan","Iraq","Myanmar","Iran"]

[["Employee","Business","Investment","Other (a)(b)"],[[14.6],[17.899999999999999],[7.9000000000000004],[10.300000000000001]],[[12],[25.399999999999999],[13.4],[21.399999999999999]],[[10.1],[11.4],[24.699999999999999],[17]],[[8],[2.8999999999999999],[2.6000000000000001],[1.6000000000000001]],[[6.2000000000000002],[6.2000000000000002],[3.2999999999999998],[3.2000000000000002]]]

[]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"","axis_max":"","axis_title":"","precision":-1,"axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"%","precision":"","table_units":"(%)","tooltip_units":"(%)","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Includes Superannuation and annuities income.
Encludes Government pensions and allowances.

How much employee income did humanitarian taxpayers earn?

Humanitarian migrant taxpayers reported $2 billion in total Employee income in 2013-14, an increase of 10% in real terms from 2012-13.

In 2013-14 the median Employee incomes of migrants in the Skill stream were the highest among migrant taxpayers 15 years and over, irrespective of age group, compared with other visa streams.

The median total Employee income of Humanitarian migrants was $34,000, well below the Australian taxpayer median Employee income of $47,700 in 2013-14.

The median incomes of Humanitarian migrant taxpayers aged 15 to 34 years were on a par with Family stream taxpayers in the same age group and consistently higher than taxpayers with a Provisional visa.

Of the Humanitarian migrant taxpayers, those aged between 45 and 54 years of age had the highest median Employee income at $38,800. By comparison, the median income of Skill stream and Family stream taxpayers in the same age group were $68,900 and $43,300 respectively.

In 2013-14, taxpayers in the Humanitarian or Family streams aged 55 years or more had similar median Employee income of around $35,000. By contrast, the median income of their Skill stream counterparts was considerably higher at $62,500.

Graph 14 - Migrant taxpayers, median employee income, by visa stream and age group, 2013-14
Age group (years)	Skill ($)	Family ($)	Humanitarian ($)	Provisional ($)
15-17	8,346	9,001	8,597	6,639
18-24	27,211	24,884	23,954	17,630
25-34	54,369	39,539	38,318	27,108
35-44	67,853	47,354	38,355	31,985
45-54	68,866	43,342	38,765	34,993
55 and over	62,538	34,761	36,453	-

Graph 14 - Migrant taxpayers, median employee income, by visa stream and age group, 2013-14

["Age group (years)","Skill","Family","Humanitarian","Provisional"]

[["15-17","18-24","25-34","35-44","45-54","55 and over"],[[8346],[27211],[54369],[67853],[68866],[62538]],[[9001],[24884],[39539],[47354],[43342],[34761]],[[8597],[23954],[38318],[38355],[38765],[36453]],[[6639],[17630],[27108],[31985],[34993],[null]]]

[]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"","axis_max":"","axis_title":"","precision":-1,"axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"10000","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"$","precision":"0","table_units":"($)","tooltip_units":"","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"$","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

In 2013-14, the median total Employee income for migrant taxpayers with a Humanitarian visa was $36,000 for men and $29,900 for women. Graph 15 shows that overall, male Humanitarian migrants had higher median Employee incomes than their female counterparts.

While this difference was observed for all age groups, there are many inter-related factors in addition to sex that are known to influence and explain the observed differences in earnings between men and women. These factors include differing rates of labour market participation, variations in hours worked, occupations, forms of employment and working arrangements which impact upon the income males and females receive (ABS 2014).

Graph 15 - Humanitarian migrant taxpayers, median employee income, by sex and age group, 2013-14
Age group (years)	Males ($)	Females ($)
15-17	9,169	8,171
18-24	25,732	20,990
25-34	39,722	34,926
35-44	40,398	34,547
45-54	40,320	36,636
55 and over	37,606	35,614

Graph 15 - Humanitarian migrant taxpayers, median employee income, by sex and age group, 2013-14

["Age group (years)","Males","Females"]

[["15-17","18-24","25-34","35-44","45-54","55 and over"],[[9169],[25732],[39722],[40398],[40320],[37606]],[[8171],[20990],[34926],[34547],[36636],[35614]]]

[]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"","axis_max":"","axis_title":"","precision":-1,"axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"$","precision":"","table_units":"($)","tooltip_units":"","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"$","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

What are the main occupations of humanitarian employees?

The 2013-14 PITMID revealed the following about the occupations of Humanitarian migrant taxpayers:

Over one-third were employed as Labourers; and
Similar proportions were employed as Community and Personal Service workers (16%) and Managers and Professionals (16%).

As shown in Graph 16;

More women than men reported Community and Personal Service Workers (28% women, 10% men), Professionals (17% women, 8% men), Sales Workers (11% women, 5% men) and Clerical and Administrative Workers (10% women, 5% men); and
More men then women reported Labourers (38% men, 23% women), Technicians and Trades Workers (15% men, 3% women), and Machinery Operators and Drivers (11% men, 1% women); and
A slightly higher proportion of Managers were male than female (6% and 5% respectively);

Graph 16 - Humanitarian migrant taxpayers, proportion of migrants (a), by occupation of main job and sex, 2013-14
Occupation of main job	Males (%)	Females (%)
Labourers	38.1	22.5
Machinery Operators and Drivers	10.8	1.3
Sales Workers	4.9	10.7
Clerical and Administrative Workers	3.4	9.6
Community and Personal Service Workers	10.3	28
Technicians and Trades Workers	15.2	3.2
Professionals	8	16.6
Managers	5.8	4.5

Graph 16 - Humanitarian migrant taxpayers, proportion of migrants (a), by occupation of main job and sex, 2013-14

["Occupation of main job","Males","Females"]

[["Labourers","Machinery Operators and Drivers","Sales Workers","Clerical and Administrative Workers","Community and Personal Service Workers","Technicians and Trades Workers","Professionals","Managers"],[[38.100000000000001],[10.800000000000001],[4.9000000000000004],[3.3999999999999999],[10.300000000000001],[15.199999999999999],[8],[5.7999999999999998]],[[22.5],[1.3],[10.699999999999999],[9.5999999999999996],[28],[3.2000000000000002],[16.600000000000001],[4.5]]]

[]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"","axis_max":"","axis_title":"","precision":-1,"axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"%","precision":"","table_units":"(%)","tooltip_units":"(%)","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Includes Occupation "Inadequately described".

Of the employed Humanitarian migrant taxpayers in 2013-14:

41% were in a low skill occupation (Machinery operators and drivers and Labourers);
28% were in a medium skill occupation (Community and personal service workers, Clerical and administrative workers and Sales workers); and
27% were in a high skill occupation (Managers, Professionals and Technicians and trades workers).

Occupation characteristics differed by length of residency in Australia, as shown in Graph 17. Of Humanitarian migrant taxpayers:

Almost 60% with one or two years of residence were in a low skill occupation, whilst 23% were in a high skill occupation;
Of those with five years of residence, 41% were in a low skill occupation, 31% were in a medium skill occupation and one-quarter were in a high skill occupation;
While 36% of those with ten years of residence reported a low skill occupation, one-third reported a medium skill occupation and 27% a high skill occupation;
About one-third reported a medium skill or a high skill occupation with eleven years of residency and 29% reported a low skill occupation; and
Almost 40% of those with 13 or more years of residence reported a high skill occupation.

Graph 17 - Humanitarian migrant taxpayers, proportion of migrants reporting each occupation skill level (a), by period of residence in Australia, 2013-14
Period of residence (years)	High skill (b) (%)	Medium (c) (%)	Low skill (d) (%)
1	22.6	16.1	58.1
2	23	15.1	59.5
3	23.3	22.7	50.4
4	26.2	24.7	46.4
5	25	30.8	41.2
6	25.7	28.3	43
7	23.6	30.5	42.7
8	25	30.3	40.8
9	24.3	31.7	40.3
10	26.8	33.3	36.1
11	32.6	34.2	29.3
12	35.8	31.6	28.5
13 or more	38.4	31.7	25.9

Graph 17 - Humanitarian migrant taxpayers, proportion of migrants reporting each occupation skill level (a), by period of residence in Australia, 2013-14

["Period of residence (years)","High skill (b)","Medium (c)","Low skill (d)"]

[["1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","10","11","12","13 or more"],[[22.600000000000001],[23],[23.300000000000001],[26.199999999999999],[25],[25.699999999999999],[23.600000000000001],[25],[24.300000000000001],[26.800000000000001],[32.600000000000001],[35.799999999999997],[38.399999999999999]],[[16.100000000000001],[15.1],[22.699999999999999],[24.699999999999999],[30.800000000000001],[28.300000000000001],[30.5],[30.300000000000001],[31.699999999999999],[33.299999999999997],[34.200000000000003],[31.600000000000001],[31.699999999999999]],[[58.100000000000001],[59.5],[50.399999999999999],[46.399999999999999],[41.200000000000003],[43],[42.700000000000003],[40.799999999999997],[40.299999999999997],[36.100000000000001],[29.300000000000001],[28.5],[25.899999999999999]]]

[]

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[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"10","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"%","precision":"","table_units":"(%)","tooltip_units":"(%)","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Includes Occupation "Inadequately described".
Includes Managers, Professionals and Technicians and trades workers.
Includes Community and personal service workers, Clerical and administrative workers and Sales workers.
Includes Machinery operators and drivers and Labourers.

As shown in Graph 18, Humanitarian migrant taxpayers employed in highly skilled jobs had higher median Employee incomes compared with those in lower skilled occupations with the same period of residence.

In 2013-14:

Humanitarian migrant taxpayers in high skilled occupations reported a median Employee income of $26,600 after one year of residence, whilst median Employee income was $50,300 for Humanitarian taxpayers with 13 or more years of residence;
The median income of those with high skilled occupations increased by an average of 4.8% with each year of residency;
Those with low skilled occupations increased from $20,500 after one year of residence to approximately $35,000 after four years of residence; and
Humanitarian migrants in low skilled occupations who had two or more years of residency in Australia had consistently higher median Employee income than those employed in medium skilled occupations who had two or more years of residency. This result may be due to a number of factors, such as working arrangements (e.g. amount of hours worked, number of jobs held consecutively etc.).

Graph 18 - Humanitarian migrant taxpayers, median employee income, by skill level of main job and period of residence in Australia, 2013-14
Period of residence (years)	High skill (a) ($)	Medium skill (b) ($)	Low skill (c) ($)
1	26,581	20,684	20,527
2	30,694	24,804	27,152
3	35,490	26,320	29,971
4	37,752	32,770	35,111
5	37,327	30,150	35,065
6	39,716	31,848	37,297
7	40,410	33,803	36,970
8	41,058	31,263	34,999
9	43,095	33,432	37,162
10	44,819	30,051	35,005
11	45,346	30,052	34,690
12	47,051	29,987	36,500
13 or more	50,309	31,327	38,000

Graph 18 - Humanitarian migrant taxpayers, median employee income, by skill level of main job and period of residence in Australia, 2013-14

["Period of residence (years)","High skill (a)","Medium skill (b)","Low skill (c)"]

[["1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","10","11","12","13 or more"],[[26581],[30694],[35490],[37752],[37327],[39716],[40410],[41058],[43095],[44819],[45346],[47051],[50309]],[[20684],[24804],[26320],[32770],[30150],[31848],[33803],[31263],[33432],[30051],[30052],[29987],[31327]],[[20527],[27152],[29971],[35111],[35065],[37297],[36970],[34999],[37162],[35005],[34690],[36500],[38000]]]

[]

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[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"10000","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"$","precision":"","table_units":"($)","tooltip_units":"","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"$","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Includes Managers, Professionals and Technicians and trades workers.
Includes Community and personal service workers, Clerical and administrative workers and Sales workers.
Includes Machinery operators and drivers and Labourers.

Humanitarian migrant taxpayers who had the highest median Employee incomes in 2013-14 were employed as:

Medical Practitioners ($101,000);
Engineers ($68,600); and
Defence Force Members, Fire Fighters and Police ($65,700).

The 288 Medical practitioners represented 0.5% of Humanitarian migrant taxpayers reporting Employee income. They reported $34 million in Employee income, or 1.6% of all Humanitarian Employee income.

A total of 455 Engineers reported $33 million in Employee income, accounting for 1.6% of all Employee income and 0.8% of Humanitarian migrants with Employee income.

Approximately 20% of employed Humanitarian migrant taxpayers were employed in three occupations:

Most (7.2%) were Food process workers (4,061 persons) who earned $152 million in Employee income. Their median Employee income was $40,700;
A similar proportion (7.0%) were Cleaners and Laundry Workers (3,976 persons). They earned $117 million in Employee income and their median Employee income was $28,600; and
There were 3,848 Personal Carers and Assistants (6.8%). They earned $160 million in Employee income and had a median Employee income of $41,000.

Humanitarian migrant business owners

Humanitarian migrant taxpayers reported total Business income of $346 million in 2013-14. Their median Business income of $15,700 exceeded those of other migrant taxpayers from the Skill, Family and Provisional visa streams.

Other characteristics about Humanitarian migrant business owners include:

About 60% were primary applicants;
Primary applicants who lodged their visa application onshore had the highest median Business income at $19,000;
The proportion reporting Business income tended to increase with longer periods of residency, reaching a high of almost 30% for those who arrived in 2000; and
Most Business income came from businesses in the Construction (33%) and Health Care and Social Assistance (32%) industries.

Graph 19 - Migrant taxpayers, proportion of migrants who reported income from their own incorporated business, by year of arrival and visa stream, 2013-14
Year of arrival	Skill (%)	Family (%)	Humanitarian (%)
2000	13.4	17.3	28.9
2001	13.2	17.1	28.4
2002	13.7	17.4	27.3
2003	13.1	16.4	26.4
2004	13.2	16	27.7
2005	13.2	16.8	26.8
2006	13.7	16	25.3
2007	13.5	15.4	23.5
2008	12.8	15.2	20.9
2009	12.3	14.5	23.7
2010	10.5	14.2	24.9
2011	10.4	13.2	26.1
2012	10.1	12.6	25
2013	9	11.5	22

Graph 19 - Migrant taxpayers, proportion of migrants who reported income from their own incorporated business, by year of arrival and visa stream, 2013-14

["Year of arrival","Skill","Family","Humanitarian"]

[["2000","2001","2002","2003","2004","2005","2006","2007","2008","2009","2010","2011","2012","2013"],[[13.4],[13.199999999999999],[13.699999999999999],[13.1],[13.199999999999999],[13.199999999999999],[13.699999999999999],[13.5],[12.800000000000001],[12.300000000000001],[10.5],[10.4],[10.1],[9]],[[17.300000000000001],[17.100000000000001],[17.399999999999999],[16.399999999999999],[16],[16.800000000000001],[16],[15.4],[15.199999999999999],[14.5],[14.199999999999999],[13.199999999999999],[12.6],[11.5]],[[28.899999999999999],[28.399999999999999],[27.300000000000001],[26.399999999999999],[27.699999999999999],[26.800000000000001],[25.300000000000001],[23.5],[20.899999999999999],[23.699999999999999],[24.899999999999999],[26.100000000000001],[25],[22]]]

[]

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[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"5","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"%","precision":"","table_units":"(%)","tooltip_units":"(%)","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Notes

References

Case Study - Migrants born in Sri Lanka

Almost 55,000 migrants arrived in Australia from Sri Lanka between 2000-01 and 2013-14. Numbers increased from 2,500 arrivals in 2000-01 to a peak of 5,700 in 2011-12, then dropped slightly to 4,500 in 2013-14 (DIBP, 2015). Of the 140,600 new permanent migrants who arrived in Australia in 2013-14, migrants from Sri Lanka accounted for 2% (ABS, 2017).

According to the 2013-14 PITMID, there were almost 35,000 permanent migrant taxpayers who were born in Sri Lanka, an increase of 6% from 2012-13. The majority held a Skill stream visa (72%), while 16% held a Family visa, almost 8% a Humanitarian visa and less than 4% a Provisional visa.

Chart 1 - Migrant taxpayers born in Sri Lanka, number and proportion by visa stream, 2013-14
	Skilled (migrant taxpayers)	Family (migrant taxpayers)	Humanitarian (migrant taxpayers)	Provisional (migrant taxpayers)
Number and proportion of Visa stream	25,009	5,691	2,628	1,193

Chart 1 - Migrant taxpayers born in Sri Lanka, number and proportion by visa stream, 2013-14

["","Skilled","Family","Humanitarian","Provisional"]

[["Number and proportion of Visa stream"],[[25009]],[[5691]],[[2628]],[[1193]]]

[]

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[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"10","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"%","precision":"","table_units":"(migrant taxpayers)","tooltip_units":"(migrant taxpayers)","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Sri Lanka was among the top ten source countries of birth for migrant taxpayers in terms of population size for three of the visa streams, ranking 7th for Skilled visas, 6th for Humanitarian visas and 9th for Provisional visas.

Skill stream migrant taxpayers born in Sri Lanka had the highest median Total income at $51,600 than Sri Lankan born migrants in other visa categories.

The proportion of Sri Lankan migrants with a Humanitarian visa who reported Employee income was 93%. This was on par with migrants born in Sri Lanka from the Skill stream (93%) and higher than all Humanitarian migrants (79%).

In 2013-14, more than 35% of Sri Lankan migrant taxpayers were male primary applicants aged 25 to 44 years of age. About 40% of female Sri Lankan migrants were secondary applicants, compared with only 20% of males.

Graph 20A - Male migrant taxpayers born in Sri Lanka, proportion of migrants, by sex, age group and applicant status, 2013-14
Age group (years)	Primary applicant (%)	Secondary applicant (%)
15-17	0	0.3
18-24	2.3	1.7
25-34	20	3.6
35-44	17.2	3.9
45-54	6	2.3
55 and over	1.5	0.4

Graph 20A - Male migrant taxpayers born in Sri Lanka, proportion of migrants, by sex, age group and applicant status, 2013-14

["Age group (years)","Primary applicant","Secondary applicant"]

[["15-17","18-24","25-34","35-44","45-54","55 and over"],[[0],[2.2999999999999998],[20],[17.199999999999999],[6],[1.5]],[[0.29999999999999999],[1.7],[3.6000000000000001],[3.8999999999999999],[2.2999999999999998],[0.40000000000000002]]]

[]

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[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"%","precision":"","table_units":"(%)","tooltip_units":"(%)","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Graph 20B - Female migrant taxpayers born in Sri Lanka, proportion of migrants, by sex, age group and applicant status, 2013-14
Age group (years)	Primary applicant (%)	Secondary applicant (%)
15-17	0	0.2
18-24	1.4	1.6
25-34	11.2	5.3
35-44	8	6.1
45-54	2.9	2.5
55 and over	0.8	0.6

Graph 20B - Female migrant taxpayers born in Sri Lanka, proportion of migrants, by sex, age group and applicant status, 2013-14

["Age group (years)","Primary applicant","Secondary applicant"]

[["15-17","18-24","25-34","35-44","45-54","55 and over"],[[0],[1.3999999999999999],[11.199999999999999],[8],[2.8999999999999999],[0.80000000000000004]],[[0.20000000000000001],[1.6000000000000001],[5.2999999999999998],[6.0999999999999996],[2.5],[0.59999999999999998]]]

[]

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[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"5","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"%","precision":"","table_units":"(%)","tooltip_units":"(%)","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

In 2013-14, Sri Lankan taxpayers received $1.9 billion in Total income with most of this income ($1.8 billion) attributed to Employee income. They reported a further $105 million in Business income, $12 million in Investment income and just over $6 million in Other income.

Of migrant taxpayers who were born in Sri Lanka:

Skill stream migrants earned the most Employee income ($1.4 billion) and recorded a median Employee income of $53,200;
Humanitarian migrants had higher median Total income than their Family stream counterparts ($42,000 compared with $39,100), primarily due to higher median Employee income; and
The median Employee income of Humanitarian taxpayers ($43,200) was higher than both Family and Provisional stream migrants ($42,400 and $26,700 respectively).

Humanitarian migrant taxpayers born in Sri Lanka had the highest median Employee income ($43,200) compared with the remaining top ten most common countries of birth (see Graph 21).

Graph 21 - Humanitarian migrant taxpayers, median employee income, by selected country of birth, 2013-14
Country of birth	Median employee income ($)
Sri Lanka	43,241
Sierra Leone	42,380
Liberia	40,950
Ethiopia	38,393
Myanmar	36,628
Sudan	34,723
Iran	29,819
Afghanistan	29,537
Iraq	29,217
China(a)	27,757

Graph 21 - Humanitarian migrant taxpayers, median employee income, by selected country of birth, 2013-14

["Country of birth","Median employee income"]

[["Sri Lanka","Sierra Leone","Liberia","Ethiopia","Myanmar","Sudan","Iran","Afghanistan","Iraq","China(a)"],[[43241],[42380],[40950],[38393],[36628],[34723],[29819],[29537],[29217],[27757]]]

[]

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[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"$","precision":"0","table_units":"($)","tooltip_units":"","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"$","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Excludes Special Administrative Regions (SARs) and Taiwan.

High and low income earners

Taxable income deciles are calculated so that 10% of the entire Australian taxpayer population resides within each category (see Glossary for further information).

In 2013-14 Sri Lankan born migrant taxpayers were less likely than all taxpayers to have a taxable income in the lowest decile (9%), or the highest decile (7%).

Migrants born in Sri Lanka were more likely to be in the 6th (13%) and 7th (12%) income deciles.

Graph 22 shows that the proportion of Humanitarian migrants born in Sri Lanka reporting Employee income was equal to the proportion of Skill stream migrants, at 93%. In comparison, 83% of Chinese migrant taxpayers with a Skill stream visa reported Employee income while only 69% of Humanitarian migrant taxpayers from China reported Employee income.

Graph 22 - Migrant taxpayers born in Sri Lanka, proportion of migrants reporting each income source, by source of income and visa stream, 2013-14
Source of income	Skill (%)	Family (%)	Humanitarian (%)	Provisional (%)
Employee	92.7	87.2	92.7	92
Business	13.2	13.2	13.9	20.1
Investment	68	62.1	41.7	45.7
Other (a)(b)	6.7	6.9	6.3	4.8

Graph 22 - Migrant taxpayers born in Sri Lanka, proportion of migrants reporting each income source, by source of income and visa stream, 2013-14

["Source of income","Skill","Family","Humanitarian","Provisional"]

[["Employee","Business","Investment","Other (a)(b)"],[[92.700000000000003],[13.199999999999999],[68],[6.7000000000000002]],[[87.200000000000003],[13.199999999999999],[62.100000000000001],[6.9000000000000004]],[[92.700000000000003],[13.9],[41.700000000000003],[6.2999999999999998]],[[92],[20.100000000000001],[45.700000000000003],[4.7999999999999998]]]

[]

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[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"20","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"%","precision":"","table_units":"(%)","tooltip_units":"(%)","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Includes Superannuation and annuities income.
Excludes Government pensions and allowances income.

Other characteristics about Sri Lankan born taxpayers include:

Migrants on a Provisional visa were more likely than those on other visas to report income from their own unincorporated businesses (20%) and had the highest median Business income at $10,900;
Family and Humanitarian migrants had median Business income at $10,100 and $8,300 respectively, slightly higher than Sri Lankan migrants from the Skill stream ($7,100); and
Skill and Family stream migrants from Sri Lanka reported the most Investment income in 2013-14, with 68% and 62% respectively.

As shown in Graph 23, median Employee income for Sri Lankan migrant taxpayers increase with time spent in Australia. Those with Humanitarian visas often had higher median incomes than their Family stream counterparts, although Family migrants reached similar levels of median income after ten years of residence.

Graph 23 - Migrant taxpayers born in Sri Lanka, median employee income, by period of residence and visa stream, 2013-14
Period of residence (years)	Skill ($)	Family ($)	Humanitarian ($)	Provisional ($)
1	43,637	25,897	31,792	25,382
2	47,573	35,360	37,188	28,516
3	50,658	40,494	43,327	36,228
4	53,081	41,890	42,545	43,860
5	52,318	42,488	43,709	41,587
6	53,454	44,363	48,387	38,443
7	55,253	46,895	47,532	46,331
8	59,149	47,391	50,901	-
9	61,564	46,481	44,408	-
10	64,018	49,190	52,774	-
11	65,657	47,097	45,579	-
12	68,128	44,196	49,548	-
13 or more	65,100	53,953	48,508	-

Graph 23 - Migrant taxpayers born in Sri Lanka, median employee income, by period of residence and visa stream, 2013-14

["Period of residence (years)","Skill","Family","Humanitarian","Provisional"]

[["1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","10","11","12","13 or more"],[[43637],[47573],[50658],[53081],[52318],[53454],[55253],[59149],[61564],[64018],[65657],[68128],[65100]],[[25897],[35360],[40494],[41890],[42488],[44363],[46895],[47391],[46481],[49190],[47097],[44196],[53953]],[[31792],[37188],[43327],[42545],[43709],[48387],[47532],[50901],[44408],[52774],[45579],[49548],[48508]],[[25382],[28516],[36228],[43860],[41587],[38443],[46331],[null],[null],[null],[null],[null],[null]]]

[]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"","axis_max":"","axis_title":"","precision":-1,"axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"10000","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"$","precision":"0","table_units":"($)","tooltip_units":"","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"$","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

In 2013-14 Humanitarian migrants from Sri Lanka had a higher median Employee income than their Family stream counterparts, as shown in Graph 24.

Since 2009-10, the median Employee income for all Sri Lankan migrants has increased by 19% in real terms, from $41,700 to $49,400. The median Employee income of migrants born in Sri Lanka tended to increase over time for all visa streams except for those with Provisional visas ($26,700 in 2013-14).

Graph 24 - Migrant taxpayers born in Sri Lanka, median employee income, by visa stream, 2011-12 to 2013-14 (a)
Visa stream	2011-12 ($)	2012-13 ($)	2013-14 ($)
Skill	52,902	52,455	53,192
Family	40,815	42,305	42,401
Humanitarian	37,201	41,392	43,241
Provisional	35,364	26,746	26,713

Graph 24 - Migrant taxpayers born in Sri Lanka, median employee income, by visa stream, 2011-12 to 2013-14 (a)

["Visa stream","2011-12","2012-13","2013-14"]

[["Skill","Family","Humanitarian","Provisional"],[[52902],[40815],[37201],[35364]],[[52455],[42305],[41392],[26746]],[[53192],[42401],[43241],[26713]]]

[]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"","axis_max":"","axis_title":"","precision":-1,"axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"$","precision":"0","table_units":"($)","tooltip_units":"","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"$","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

In real terms, i.e. income amounts from 2011-12 to 2013-14 are in 2013-14 dollars, adjusted using changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI).

In real terms, the median Employee income of Sri Lankan migrants increased by 1.9% in 2013-14 from 2012-13, as shown in Table 5. By comparison, the increase in median Employee income for migrant taxpayers born in India was slightly higher at 2.3% and for those born in China the increase was slightly lower at 1.5%.

Table 5 - Median employee income, by selected country of birth, 2012-13 and 2013-14 (a)
Country of birth	2012-13 ($)	2013-14 ($)	Change in median income (%)
United Kingdom (b)	64,044	64,137	0.1
India	49,535	50,687	2.3
China (c)	36,653	37,204	1.5
Philippines	48,706	48,460	-0.5
South Africa	63,037	61,865	-1.9
Malaysia	55,323	55,578	0.5
Sri Lanka	48,512	49,441	1.9

In real terms, i.e. income amounts from are in 2013-14 dollars, adjusted using changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
Includes Channel Islands and Isle of Man.
Excludes Special Administrative Regions (SARs) and Taiwan.

Occupation of main job

In 2013-14, a higher proportion of migrants from Sri Lanka were employed as Labourers (13%) and Clerical and administrative workers (12%) than migrants from other countries. Also, a third of Sri Lankan migrant taxpayers were employed as Professionals. This was slightly higher than migrant taxpayers from other countries (30%).

Graph 25 - Migrant taxpayers, proportion of migrants reporting each major occupation group (a), by occupation of main job and selected country of birth, 2013-14
Occupation of mian job	Sri Lanka (%)	Other countries (%)
Labourers	13.3	10.7
Machinery Operators and Drivers	3.7	3.5
Sales Workers	5.8	6.9
Clerical and Administrative Workers	12	11.3
Community and Personal Service Workers	9.5	10.9
Technicians and Trades Workers	10.5	12
Professionals	32.9	29.8
Managers	8.7	11.8

Graph 25 - Migrant taxpayers, proportion of migrants reporting each major occupation group (a), by occupation of main job and selected country of birth, 2013-14

["Occupation of mian job","Sri Lanka","Other countries"]

[["Labourers","Machinery Operators and Drivers","Sales Workers","Clerical and Administrative Workers","Community and Personal Service Workers","Technicians and Trades Workers","Professionals","Managers"],[[13.300000000000001],[3.7000000000000002],[5.7999999999999998],[12],[9.5],[10.5],[32.899999999999999],[8.6999999999999993]],[[10.699999999999999],[3.5],[6.9000000000000004],[11.300000000000001],[10.9],[12],[29.800000000000001],[11.800000000000001]]]

[]

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[{"axis_id":"0","tick_interval":"","axis_min":"0","axis_max":"","axis_title":"%","precision":"","table_units":"(%)","tooltip_units":"(%)","axis_units":"","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Includes Occupation of main job "Inadequately described".

Skill stream migrants from Sri Lanka working as Professionals and Managers reported the highest median Employee incomes in 2013-14.

Migrant taxpayers born in Sri Lanka working as Health professionals had the highest median Employee income ($101,900). This median Employee income was also much higher compared with migrants born in other countries in the same occupation ($80,500).

Humanitarian migrants born in Sri Lanka working as Community and Personal Service Workers or Labourers reported significantly higher median incomes than their Skill or Family stream counterparts.

Migrant taxpayers born in Sri Lanka working as Food preparation assistants had the lowest median Employee income ($25,200).

Graph 26 - Migrant taxpayers born in Sri Lanka, median employee income, by occupation of main job and visa stream, 2013-14
Occupation of main job	Skill ($)	Family ($)	Humanitarian ($)	Provisional ($)
Labourers	32,652	29,501	40,237	24,012
Machinery Operators and Drivers	48,987	48,434	45,380	33,998
Sales Workers	31,320	31,685	34,207	23,307
Clerical and Administrative Workers	47,484	43,504	44,585	31,391
Community and Personal Service Workers	36,119	33,792	44,825	28,158
Technicians and Trades Workers	51,822	44,169	45,660	39,000
Professionals	75,452	61,968	58,621	37,643
Managers	63,444	52,109	48,260	35,464

Graph 26 - Migrant taxpayers born in Sri Lanka, median employee income, by occupation of main job and visa stream, 2013-14

["Occupation of main job","Skill","Family","Humanitarian","Provisional"]

[["Labourers","Machinery Operators and Drivers","Sales Workers","Clerical and Administrative Workers","Community and Personal Service Workers","Technicians and Trades Workers","Professionals","Managers"],[[32652],[48987],[31320],[47484],[36119],[51822],[75452],[63444]],[[29501],[48434],[31685],[43504],[33792],[44169],[61968],[52109]],[[40237],[45380],[34207],[44585],[44825],[45660],[58621],[48260]],[[24012],[33998],[23307],[31391],[28158],[39000],[37643],[35464]]]

[]

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Notes

References

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