Australian National Accounts: Input-Output Tables methodology

This table shows Australian production at basic prices by Input-Output Product Group (IOPG) and by Input-Output Industry Group (IOIG). A row in this table represents a product group and a column represents an industry group.

For example, in the 2023-24 table the row representing the product group Agriculture, forestry and fishing support services shows that $831m of this product was produced by the Sheep, grains, beef and dairy cattle industry, $344m of this product was produced by the Other agriculture industry and so on, resulting in a total of $16,648m of this product being produced by all industries.

The column representing the industry group Other agriculture shows that $344m of Agriculture, forestry and fishing support services was produced by this industry, $121m of Meat and meat product manufacturing was produced by this industry and so on, resulting in a total of $37,069m of various products being produced by the Other agriculture industry.

This table shows intermediate use by using industries (IOIG) and final use by final use categories of products (IOPG) at basic prices with indirect allocation of imports. See the Glossary for an explanation of indirect allocation of imports.

A row in the first quadrant of this table represents a product group. A row in the third quadrant represents either a primary input, Australian production, total uses, gross value added or gross domestic product. A column in this table represents either an industry group, a final use or total use category. In a balanced table, total use equals total supply. Hence the column that represents the total use (last column in the table) is termed total supply.

For example, in the 2023-24 table the row representing the product group Other agriculture shows that $2,305m of domestic plus imported Other agriculture was used by the Sheep, grains, beef and dairy cattle industry, $624m of domestic plus imported Other agriculture was used by the Other agriculture industry and so on resulting in a total of $22,928m of domestic plus imported product being used intermediately by all the industries.

In the final use categories, $12,709m of domestic plus imported Other agriculture was used by the household sector, -$489m of domestic plus imported product was used from inventories and so on, resulting in a total $15,624m of domestic plus imported Other agriculture being used in all final use categories.

In summary $22,928m of domestic plus imported Other agriculture was used intermediately by industries and $15,624m of domestic plus imported product was used by final use categories resulting in a total use of $38,552m of this product. Therefore, total supply of this product should be $38,552m which is reflected in the last column of this table.

This table shows intermediate use by using industries (IOIG) and final use by final use categories of imported products at basic prices.

A row in this table represents a product group and a column represents an industry group or final use category.

For example, in the 2023-24 table the row representing the product group Other agriculture shows that $70m of imported Other agriculture was used by the Sheep, grains, beef and dairy cattle industry, $74m of imports of this product was used by the Other agriculture industry and so on, resulting in a total of $907m of this imported product being used intermediately by all the industries.

In the final use categories, $935m of imported Other agriculture was used by the household sector.

This table shows flows at purchasers' prices reconciled with basic prices. Trade and transport margins, and net taxes on products are added to basic prices to derive purchasers' prices for intermediate and all final use categories, and for total supply. Imports are indirectly allocated in this table.

A row in the first quadrant of this table represents a product group. A row in the third quadrant represents either a primary input, Australian production, total uses, gross value added or gross domestic product.

For example, in the 2023-24 table the row representing the product group Other agriculture shows that domestic plus imported Other agriculture valued at $22,928m at basic prices was used by industries intermediately. Net taxes on products and trade and transport margins associated with this intermediate use were $80m and $5,294m respectively. Therefore, domestic plus imported Other agriculture used intermediately by all the industries was $28,302m valued at purchasers' prices.

This table shows the allocation of Australian produced industry outputs to industries and to all final use categories. This table is similar to Table 2. Unlike Table 2 however, it has industry by industry dimensions and imports are treated differently. In this table, imports are directly allocated meaning they are allocated to the industries which use them and are included with the primary inputs to these industries in deriving the total production. With this method the intermediate and final use contain only the use of the domestic production and so the intermediate use matrix does not reflect the full input structure of industries.

A row in quadrants 1 and 2 or a column in quadrants 1 and 3 of this table represents an industry group. A row in quadrants 3 and 4 represents a primary input, Australian production, value added or gross domestic product. A column in quadrants 2 and 4 represents a final use category.

For example, in the 2023-24 table the row representing the industry group Other agriculture shows that $2,360m of output from the industry Other agriculture was used by the Sheep, grains, beef and dairy cattle industry, $708m of output from this industry was used by the Other agriculture industry and so on, resulting in a total of $22,256m of output produced by the Other agriculture industry being used intermediately by all industries.

In the final use categories, $11,197m of output produced by the Other agriculture industry was used by the household sector, $6m was used by the government sector and so on, resulting in a total of $14,813m of output from the Other agriculture industry being used by all final use categories.

This table shows values in a particular column representing the direct input requirements from each industry (Australian production) and from all primary inputs when Australian output of the industry or final use category, represented by the column, increases by $100.

A row in quadrants 1 and 2, or a column in quadrants 1 and 3 of this table represents an industry group. A row in quadrants 3 and 4 represents a primary input or Australian production. A column in quadrants 2 and 4 represents a final use category.

For example, in the 2023-24 table the column representing the industry Other agriculture shows that this industry requires $1.38 of output from the Sheep, grains, dairy and beef cattle industry, $0.52 of output from the Poultry and other livestock industry and so on, resulting in total requirements of $42.72 output from all industries, $9.72 of compensation of employees, $38.46 of gross operating surplus & mixed income and so on to produce $100 of output.

This table shows values in a particular column representing the total input requirements of Australian production from each industry represented by a row, by the industry represented by that column when the Australian output of the industry increases by $100.

A row or column in this table represents an industry group.

The values in Table 6 represent the direct requirements coefficients for each industry when its output is increased by $100. When an industry increases its output, apart from the direct requirements from the industries, there are also indirect requirements from the industries. The values in Table 7 represent the total requirements (i.e. initial + direct + indirect requirements) from all the industries when each industry's output is increased by $100. Another important difference between Tables 6 and 7 is that Table 7 is a square matrix whereas Table 6 is not. Because the initial effect is $100 for each industry, the total requirements coefficients in the top left to bottom right diagonal of this square table will be greater than or equal to 100.

For example, in the 2023-24 table the column representing the industry Other agriculture shows that the total requirements by this industry from the Sheep, grains, beef and dairy cattle industry is $1.76 of output, $0.60 of output is required from the Poultry and other livestock industry and so on in order to increase its output by $100.

This table is similar to Table 5. Unlike Table 5 however, it describes the allocation of products, inclusive of imports, but excluding re-exports, from industry to industry and to all final use categories. That is, in Table 5, imports are directly allocated to the industries which use them and are included with the primary inputs to these industries deriving the total production. In this table, imports are indirectly allocated and are included in the intermediate use of industries and in final use categories without distinguishing the imports from the products with which they compete, allowing the intermediate use matrix to fully reflect the input structures of industries. The imports in this table are indirectly allocated based on the industry to which the import is primary and the re-exports are included with the exports.

A row in quadrants 1 and 2, or a column in quadrants 1 and 3 of this table represents an industry group. A row in quadrants 3 and 4 represents a primary input or Australian production. A column in quadrants 2 and 4 represents a final use category.

For example, in the 2023-24 table the row representing the industry group Other agriculture shows that $2,430m of output from the industry Other agriculture was used by the Sheep, grains, beef and dairy cattle industry, $782m of output from this industry was used by the Other agriculture industry and so on, resulting in a total of $23,163m of output produced by the Other agriculture industry being used by all industries intermediately.

In the final use categories, $12,132m of output produced by the Other agriculture industry was used by the household sector, $6m was used by the government sector and so on, resulting in a total of $15,743m of output from the Other agriculture industry being used by all final use categories.

This table is similar to Table 6. Unlike Table 6 however, the values in this table factor in imports. The values in a particular column of this table represent the direct requirements of supply from the industry represented by the row, when the Australian output of the industry represented by the column increases by $100.

A row in quadrants 1 and 2, or a column in quadrants 1 and 3 of this table represents an industry group. A row in quadrants 3 and 4 represents a primary input or Australian production. A column in quadrants 2 and 4 represents a final use category.

For example, in the 2023-24 table the column representing the industry Other agriculture shows that this industry directly requires $1.39 of supply from the Sheep, grains, beef and dairy cattle industry, $0.52 of supply from the Poultry and other livestock industry and so on, resulting in the requirements of a total supply of $49.55 to produce $100 of output.

To produce $100 of output the Other agriculture industry directly requires $9.72 of compensation of employees, $38.46 of gross operating surplus & mixed income and so on.

This table is similar to Table 7. Unlike Table 7 however, the values in this table factor in imports. The values in a particular column of this table represent the total supply requirements from the industry represented by the row, when the Australian output of the industry represented by the column increases by $100.

A row or column in this table represents an industry group.

The values in Table 9 represent the direct requirement coefficients for each industry when its output is increased by $100. When an industry increases its output, apart from the direct requirements from the industries, there are also indirect requirements from the industries. The values in Table 10 represent the total requirements (i.e. initial + direct + indirect requirements) from all the industries when each industry's output is increased by $100. Another important difference between Tables 9 and 10 is that Table 10 is a square matrix whereas Table 9 is not. As the initial effect is $100 for each industry, the total requirement coefficients in the top left to bottom right diagonal of this square table will be greater than or equal to 100.

For example, in the 2023-24 table the column representing the industry Other agriculture shows that the total requirements by this industry from the Sheep, grains, beef and dairy cattle industry is $1.89 of output and imports, $0.63 of output and imports from the Poultry and other livestock industry and so on to increase its output by $100.

This table shows values that represent the requirements of compensation of employees, gross operating surplus and mixed income, taxes less subsidies on products, other taxes less subsidies on production and imports by the industry represented by that row, when that industry uses a total of $100 of these primary inputs in the production process.

It is important to note that this accounts for the total output requirements (that is initial+direct+indirect effects) from all industries, by an industry, when this industry increases its output.

For example, in the 2023-24 table $100 of total use of primary inputs by the Sheep, grains, beef and dairy cattle industry consists of $28.08 of compensation of employees, $51.74 of gross operating surplus and mixed income, $2.37 of taxes less subsidies on products, $3.10 of other taxes less subsidies on production and $14.71 of imports.

The first column in this table shows the specialisation ratios for an industry. An industry may produce multiple products, some of which may be primary to that industry and others which may be primary to other industries. The specialisation ratio shows the proportion of an industry's output that is primary to that industry.

For example, in the 2023-24 table 91.8% of output of the Sheep, grains, beef and dairy cattle industry is attributed to the output primary to this industry, 96.2% of the output of the Other agriculture industry is attributed to the output primary to this industry and so on.

The second column in this table shows the coverage ratios for a product. A product may be supplied by more than one industry. The coverage ratio shows what proportion of the total domestic supply of a product is produced by the industry to which the product is primary.

For example, the entire Sheep, grains, beef and dairy cattle product is produced by the Sheep, grains, beef and dairy cattle industry to which the product is primary, 91.8% of Agriculture, forestry and fishing support services is produced by the Agriculture, forestry and fishing support services industry to which the product is primary and so on.

This table is compiled using data from the Labour Account Australia. The scope of the labour accounts is consistent with that of the core Australian System of National Accounts and the Input-Output tables. 

This table shows the number of employed persons in each industry. An employed person is described as either an employee, an employer, an own account worker or a contributing family worker. The number of employed persons are shown on a full-time, part-time and full-time equivalent basis.

Full-time equivalent is measured as full-time plus 50% of part-time for an industry. For example, in the 2023-24 table in the Sheep, grains, beef and dairy cattle industry, there were 110,862 full-time and 47,470 part-time employed persons, which equates to 134,597 full-time equivalent employed persons in that industry.

Note that as a person can work in more than one industry, total employed persons, or the employed persons in a given industry, cannot be estimated by summing employed persons across Input-Output Industry Groups (IOIGs).

This table shows the composition of margin and non-margin commodities in the supply of relevant products.

For example, in the 2023-24 table the total Gas Supply was $6,453m, of which $3,608m was margin commodity. Of the total $192,578m supply of Wholesale Trade, $183,363m was margin commodity and $9,215m was non-margin commodity.

This table shows the wholesale margin associated with the supply of domestic and imported products to intermediate usage and final use categories.

A row in this table represents a product group and a column represents an industry group or final use category.

For example, in the 2023-24 table $119m of wholesale margin is associated with the supply of Other agriculture to the Sheep, grains, beef and dairy cattle industry, $132m of wholesale margin is associated with the supply of Other agriculture to the Other agriculture industry and so on, resulting in a total of $3,618m of wholesale margin being associated with the supply of Other agriculture to all the industries for intermediate use.

In the final use categories, $3,950m of wholesale margin is associated with the supply of Other agriculture to the household sector for final consumption and so on, resulting in a total of $4,703m of wholesale margin being associated with the supply of Other agriculture to all the final use categories.

This table shows the retail margin associated with the supply of domestic and imported products to intermediate usage and final use categories.

A row in this table represents a product group and a column represents an industry group or final use category.

For example, in the 2023-24 table $49m of retail margin is associated with the supply of Other agriculture to the Other agriculture industry and so on, resulting in a total of $406m of retail margin being associated with the supply of Other agriculture to all the industries for intermediate use.

In the final use categories, $8,171m of retail margin is associated with the supply of Other agriculture to the household sector for final consumption.

This table shows the restaurants, hotels and clubs margin associated with the supply of domestic and imported products to intermediate usage and final use categories.

A row in this table represents a product group and a column represents an industry group or final use category.

For example, in the 2023-24 table $799m of restaurants, hotels and clubs margin is associated with the supply of Sugar and confectionary manufacturing to the household sector for final consumption and so on, resulting in a total of $4,790m of restaurants, hotels and clubs margin being associated with the supply of domestic and imported products to the household sector.

This table shows the road transport margin associated with the supply of domestic and imported products to intermediate usage and final use categories.

A row in this table represents a product group and a column represents an industry group or final use category.

For example, in the 2023-24 table $122m of road transport margin is associated with the supply of Other agriculture to the Sheep, grains, beef and dairy cattle industry, $79m of road transport margin is associated with the supply of Other agriculture to the Other agriculture industry and so on, resulting in a total of $1,216m of road transport margin being associated with the supply of Other agriculture to all the industries for intermediate use.

In the final use categories, $1,566m of road transport margin is associated with the supply of Other agriculture to the household sector for final consumption and so on, resulting in a total of $1,859m of road transport margin being associated with the supply of Other agriculture to all the final use categories.

This table shows the rail transport margin associated with the supply of domestic and imported products to intermediate usage and final use categories.

A row in this table represents a product group and a column represents an industry group or final use category.

For example, in the 2023-24 table $4m of rail transport margin is associated with the supply of Other agriculture products to the Sheep, grains, beef and dairy cattle industry, $2 of rail transport margin is associated with the supply of Other agriculture to the Poultry and other livestock industry and so on, resulting in a total of $32m rail transport margin being associated with the supply of Other agriculture products to all the industries for intermediate use.

In the final use categories, $29m of rail transport margin is associated with the supply of Other agriculture products to the household sector for final consumption and so on, resulting in a total of $36m of rail transport margin being associated with the supply of Other agriculture products to all the final use categories.

This table shows the pipeline transport margin associated with the supply of domestic and imported products to intermediate usage and final use categories.

A row in this table represents a product group and a column represents an industry group or final use category.

For example, in the 2023-24 table $71m of pipeline transport margin is associated with the supply of Oil and gas extraction products to the Oil and gas extraction industry, $124m of pipeline transport margin is associated with the supply of Oil and gas extraction products to the Non-ferrous metal ore mining and so on, resulting in a total of $1,520m of pipeline transport margin being associated with the supply of Oil and gas extraction products to all the industries for intermediate use.

In the final use categories, $872m of pipeline transport margin is associated with the supply of Oil and gas extraction products to the household sector for final consumption.

This table shows the water transport margin associated with the supply of domestic and imported products to intermediate usage and final use categories.

A row in this table represents a product group and a column represents an industry group or final use category.

For example, in the 2023-24 table $60m of water transport margin is associated with the supply of Non-ferrous metal ore mining products to the Basic non-ferrous metal product manufacturing industry, $3m of water transport margin is associated with the supply of Non-ferrous metal ore mining products to the Basic chemical manufacturing industry and so on, resulting in a total of $63m of water transport margin being associated with the supply of Non-ferrous metal ore mining products to all the industries for intermediate use.

In the final use categories, $20m of water transport margin is associated with the supply of Non-ferrous metal ore mining to exports (including re-exports) for final demand.

This table shows the air transport margin associated with the supply of domestic and imported products to intermediate usage and final use categories.

A row in this table represents a product group and a column represents an industry group or final use category.

For example, in the 2023-24 table $2m of air transport margin is associated with the supply of Other agriculture products to the Sheep, grains, beef and dairy cattle industry, $1m of air transport margin is associated with the supply of Other agriculture products to the Other agriculture industry and so on, resulting in a total of $22m of air transport margin being associated with the supply of Other agriculture products to all the industries for intermediate use.

In the final use categories, $23m of air transport margin is associated with the supply of Other agriculture products to the household sector for final consumption and so on, resulting in a total of $27m of air transport margin being associated with the supply of Other agriculture products to all the final use categories.

This table shows the port handling margin associated with the supply of domestic and imported products to intermediate usage and final use categories.

A row in this table represents a product group and a column represents an industry group or final use category.

For example, in the 2023-24 table $7m of port handling margin is associated with the supply of Dairy product manufacturing products to the Other food product manufacturing industry, $1m of port handling margin is associated with the supply of Dairy product manufacturing products to the Food and beverage services industry and so on, resulting in a total of $44m of port handling margin being associated with the supply of Dairy product manufacturing products to all the industries for intermediate use.

In the final use categories, $21m of port handling margin is associated with the supply of Dairy product manufacturing products to exports (including re-exports) for final consumption.

This table shows the marine insurance margin associated with the supply of domestic and imported products to intermediate usage and final use categories.

A row in this table represents a product group and a column represents an industry group or final use category.

For example, in the 2023-24 table a total of $2m of marine insurance margin was associated with the supply of Sheep, grains, beef and dairy cattle products to all the industries for intermediate use.

In the final use categories, $1m of marine insurance margin is associated with the supply of Sheep, grains, beef and dairy cattle products to exports (including re-exports).

This table shows the gas margin associated with the supply of domestic and imported products to intermediate usage and final use categories. In this case the supplied products are entirely in the Oil and gas extraction product group.

A row in this table represents a product group and a column represents an industry group or final use category.

For example, in the 2023-24 table $124m of gas margin is associated with the supply of Oil and gas extraction products to the Iron ore mining industry, $186m of gas margin is associated with the supply of Oil and gas extraction products to the Non-ferrous metal ore mining industry and so on, resulting in a total of $2,293m of gas margin being associated with the supply of Oil and gas extraction products to all industries for intermediate use.

In the final use categories, $1,315m of gas margin is associated with the supply of Oil and gas extraction products to the household sector for final consumption resulting in a total of $1,315m of gas margin being associated with the supply to all final use categories.

This table shows the electricity margin associated with the supply of domestic and imported products to intermediate usage and final use categories. In this case the supplied products are entirely in the product group Electricity generation.

A row in this table represents a product group and a column represents an industry group or final use category.

For example, in the 2023-24 table $456m of electricity margin is associated with the supply of Electricity generation products to the Sheep, grains, beef and dairy cattle industry, $352m of electricity margin is associated with the supply of Electricity generation products to the Other agriculture industry and so on, resulting in a total of $18,659m of electricity margin being associated with the supply of Electricity generation products to all the industries for intermediate use.

In the final use categories, $9,024m of electricity margin is associated with the supply of Electricity generation products to the household sector for final consumption and so on, resulting in a total of $9,231m of electricity margin being associated with the supply of Electricity generation products to all the final use categories.

This table shows the net taxes, that is taxes less subsidies, associated with the supply of domestic and imported products to intermediate usage and final use categories.

A row in this table represents a product group and a column represents an industry group or final use category.

For example, in the 2023-24 table $3m of net taxes is associated with the supply of Other agriculture products to the Other agriculture industry, $24m of net taxes is associated with the supply of Other agriculture products to the Agriculture, forestry and fishing support services industry and so on, resulting in a total of $80m of net taxes being associated with the supply of Other agriculture products to all the industries for intermediate use.

A total of $406m of net taxes was associated with the supply of Other agriculture products to all the final use categories.

This table shows the Goods and Services Tax (GST) associated with the supply of domestic and imported products to intermediate usage and final use categories.

A row in this table represents a product group and a column represents an industry group or final use category.

For example, in the 2023-24 table $51m of GST is associated with the supply of Professional, scientific and technical services to the Finance industry, $23m of GST is associated with the supply of Professional, scientific and technical services to the Imputed rent for owner-occupiers industry and so on, resulting in a total of $212m of GST being associated with the supply of Professional, scientific and technical services to all the industries for intermediate use.

In the final use categories, $855m of GST is associated with the supply of Professional, scientific and technical services to the household sector for final consumption and so on, resulting in a total of $940m of GST being associated with the supply of Professional, scientific and technical services to all the final use categories.

This table shows the imports duty associated with the supply of domestic and imported products to intermediate usage and final use categories.

A row in this table represents a product group and a column represents an industry group or final use category.

For example, in the 2023-24 table $1m of duty is associated with the supply of Other food product manufacturing to the Dairy product manufacturing industry, $2m of duty is associated with the supply of Other food product manufacturing to the Fruit and vegetable product manufacturing industry and so on, resulting in a total of $18m of duty being associated with the supply of Other food product manufacturing to all the industries for intermediate use.

In the final use categories, $11m of duty is associated with the supply of Other food product manufacturing products to the household sector for final consumption.

​​​​This table shows taxes (including excise taxes) not elsewhere identified (nei) associated with the supply of domestic and imported products to intermediate usage and final use categories.

A row in this table represents a product group and a column represents an industry group or final use category.

For example, in the 2023-24 table $3m of taxes nei on products are associated with the supply of Other agriculture to the Other agriculture industry, $24m of taxes nei on products are associated with the supply of Other agriculture to the Agriculture, forestry and fishing support services industry and so on, resulting in a total of $78m of taxes nei on products being associated with the supply of Other agriculture to all the industries for intermediate use.

In the final use categories, $48m of taxes nei on products are associated with the supply of Other agriculture to the household sector for final consumption and a total of $46m of taxes nei on products being associated with the supply of Other agriculture products to all the final use categories.

This table shows subsidies associated with the supply of domestic and imported products to intermediate usage and final use categories. By convention subsidies are shown as negative values in the table.

A row in this table represents a product group and a column represents an industry group or final use category.

For example, in the 2023-24 table $447m of subsidies are associated with the supply of Petroleum and coal product manufacturing to the Sheep, grains, beef and dairy cattle industry, $340m of subsidies are associated with the supply of Petroleum and coal products to the Other agriculture industry and so on, resulting in a total of $9,137m of subsidies being associated with the supply of Petroleum and coal products to all the industries for intermediate use.

In the final use categories, $896m of subsidies are associated with the supply of Petroleum and coal products to the household sector for final consumption and so on, resulting in a total of $1,002m of subsidies being associated with the supply of Petroleum and coal products to all the final use categories.

The alternative view of the Input-Output tables is produced for use in large and sophisticated models.

The variation relates to the treatment of imports data and offsets the treatment of freight and insurance services provided on imports by residents. These are already part of domestic output and should not be treated as imports. In the main tables, therefore, imports of freight and insurance services are adjusted downwards at an aggregated level.

This adjustment, while conceptually correct, can generate negative values for imports of transport services for some industry groups. However, this adjustment is an accounting entry only, with no economic meaning. 

In the alternative view, the value of freight and insurance on imports has been added back into imports. This removes negative values. To maintain the balance on the current account, a similar value has been added to exports. The value of this adjustment in 2023-24 is $2,173m.

The alternative view is available in the Data downloads section.

This table shows the Input-Output product classification (IOPC) detail of key data items. The key data items are further disaggregated on the following tables.

This table shows Australian production at basic prices (BP) by Input–Output Product Classification (IOPC) and by Input–Output Industry Group (IOIG). A row in this table represents a product group and a column represents an industry group.

Table T3 shows the margins associated with the supply of domestic and imported products broken down by Input–Output Product Classification (IOPC). These are further disaggregated by Input–Output Industry Group (IOIG) in T4-T17.

Table T18 shows taxes and subsidies on products broken down by Input–Output Product Classification (IOPC). These are further disaggregated by Input–Output Industry Group (IOIG) T19-T23.

This table shows total supply at purchasers’ prices (PP) broken down by Input–Output Product Classification (IOPC). These are further disaggregated in T2, T3 & T18.

This table shows intermediate use at basic prices (BP) by Input–Output Product Classification (IOPC) and the components of final demand by Input–Output Industry Group (IOIG). A row in this table represents a product group and a column represents an industry group. 

This table shows intermediate use at purchasers' prices (PP) by Input–Output Product Classification (IOPC) and the components of final demand by Input–Output Industry Group (IOIG). A row in this table represents a product group and a column represents an industry group.

The IOIG(2022) to ANZSIC06 table shows the concordance (mapping) between Input-Output Industry Groups (IOIG) and Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC06).

The IOPC(2024) to CPI(17th series) table shows the concordance between IOPC(2024) and CPI(17th series) codes. In the I-O tables this shows the concordance for Household Final Consumption Expenditure (HFCE) data to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) codes.

Column G indicates whether a 2024 IOPC is mapped partially to a CPI 17th series code and is indicated by a 'p' in the column.

The IOPG(2022) to HEC(2015-16) table shows the concordance between the Input-Output Product Group (IOPG)(2022) and Household Expenditure Classification (HEC)(2015-16) codes. Where it shows a 'p', the 2015-16 HEC code is split between different 2022 IOPG codes.

There are a number of factors to take into account when using this table. It should only be applied to data at purchasers' prices as it is based on the Household Expenditure Survey (HES) which is collected at purchasers' prices. The table was compiled from the 2015-16 HES and may not align well to data in earlier years due to the changing nature of Household expenditure and the economic conditions prevailing at the time. Where individual Household expenditure items do not correlate to one IOPG, weights have been calculated using the best data available. Correspondences for some IOPGs have not been included due to confidentiality issues.

Data from the HES, classified by the HEC does not correlate directly to HFCE data as published in the National Accounts due to the following reasons:

• The scope of the HES excludes residents of remote areas and those living in non-private dwellings (hotels, boarding houses and institutions).
• HFCE data includes expenditure by Non-Profit Institutions Serving Households units that are not included in HES.
• HFCE uses additional data sources including the Retail and Wholesale industry surveys.
• HES data is not used to compile HFCE data for Gambling as it collects data on a different basis.
• HES data is not used to compile Financial and insurance services as HES measures the total cost paid for insurance, and HFCE only captures the Insurance service charge.
• HES data is not used to compile the Actual rent paid on dwellings, and HFCE also includes an imputed value for rent for owner-occupied dwellings.
• HES estimates for Health include only out of pocket expenses, and do not include nursing home fees.
• For Education services, HES excludes expenditure on the Higher education loan program.
• HFCE estimates for Repairs and maintenance are included in the Intermediate Usage of the Ownership of Dwellings industry and could not be concorded to HES data.
• HFCE estimates include an imputed value for the Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured which is measured differently in HES.

The IOPC(2023) to IOPC(2024) table shows the concordance between the IOPC(2023) to IOPC(2024) codes.

Column D shows where a new product has been created, indicated by a 'N' in this column. This year we have one new IOPC 26190020 Household electricity production for own use.

The IOPC(2024) table shows the 2024 IOPC code in column A with the 2024 IOPC descriptor shown in column C. Column D shows the corresponding IOPG(2022) code.

The IOIG(2022) table shows the 2022 IOIG code in column A with the 2022 IOIG descriptor shown in column B. Column C shows the corresponding ANZSIC Division code.

The IOPC(2024) to HFCE table shows the concordance between IOPC(2024) and Household Final Consumption Expenditure codes.

The IOPC(2024) to CAPEX table shows the concordance between IOPC(2024) and Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) codes.

I-O multipliers are most commonly used to quantify the economic impacts (both direct and indirect) of policies and projects. While their ease of use makes them a popular tool for economic impact analysis, they rely on limiting assumptions that can result in biased estimates of a project's benefits or costs.

Inherent shortcomings and limitations of multipliers for economic impact analysis include:

• Lack of supply-side constraints: The most significant limitation of economic impact analysis using multipliers is the implicit assumption that the economy has no supply-side constraints. That is, it is assumed that extra output can be produced in one area without taking resources away from other activities, thus overstating economic impacts. The actual impact is likely to be dependent on the extent to which the economy is operating at or near capacity.
• Fixed prices: Constraints on the availability of inputs, such as skilled labour, require prices to act as a rationing device. In assessments using multipliers, where factors of production are assumed to be limitless, this rationing response is assumed not to occur. Prices are assumed to be unaffected by policy and any crowding out effects are not captured.
• Fixed ratios for intermediate inputs and production: Economic impact analysis using multipliers implicitly assumes that there is a fixed input structure in each industry and fixed ratios for production. As such, impact analysis using multipliers can be seen to describe average effects, not marginal effects. For example, increased demand for a product is assumed to imply an equal increase in production for that product. In reality, however, it may be more efficient to increase imports or divert some exports to local consumption rather than increasing local production by the full amount.
• No allowance for purchasers’ marginal responses to change: Economic impact analysis using multipliers assumes that households consume goods and services in exact proportions to their initial budget shares. For example, the household budget share of some goods might increase as household income increases. This equally applies to industrial consumption of intermediate inputs and factors of production.
• Absence of budget constraints: Assessments of economic impacts using multipliers that consider consumption induced effects (type two multipliers) implicitly assume that household and government consumption is not subject to budget constraints.
• Not applicable for small regions: Multipliers that have been calculated from the national I-O table are not appropriate for use in economic impact analysis of projects in small regions. For small regions, multipliers tend to be smaller than national multipliers since their inter-industry linkages are normally relatively shallow. Inter-industry linkages tend to be shallow in small regions since they usually don’t have the capacity to produce the wide range of goods used for inputs and consumption, instead importing a large proportion of these goods from other regions.

I-O multipliers represent one particular derived or modelled view of I-O data that goes beyond the publishing of the core I-O tables. In light of this, the ABS no longer produces multipliers as an extension of our I-O tables. Instead, users of the I-O tables can compile their own multipliers as they see fit, using their own methods and assumptions to suit their own needs from the data supplied in the main I-O tables.

While I-O multipliers may be useful as summary statistics to assist in understanding the degree to which an industry is integrated into the economy, their inherent shortcomings make them inappropriate for economic impact analysis. These shortcomings mean that I-O multipliers are likely to significantly overstate the impacts of projects or events. More complex methodologies, such as those inherent in computable general equilibrium (CGE) models, are required to overcome these shortcomings.

Further discussion of the use of I-O multipliers can be found in the following references:

Auditor-General's Office 2002, V8 car races in Canberra : costs and benefits, ACT Auditor-General's Office, Canberra.

Department of Treasury and Finance, March 2002, Economic Research Articles: The Use and Abuse of Input-Output Multipliers, Department of Treasury and Finance, Perth.

Dixon, P. et al. 1991, Notes and Problems in Applied General Equilibrium Economics, North-Holland, Amsterdam; New York, N.Y page 65.

Industries Assistance Commission 1989, Using input-output analysis and multipliers, [The Commission], Canberra.

Queensland Treasury, Office of Economic and Statistical Research, 2006, Overview of Some Alternative Methodologies for Economic Impact Analysis, Queensland Treasury, Brisbane.

For information on the institutional environment of the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), including the legislative obligations of the ABS, financing and governance arrangements, and mechanisms for scrutiny of ABS operations, please refer to ABS Institutional Environment.

Input-Output (I-O) tables are a part of the Australian national accounts. The standards governing national accounts are agreed internationally and detailed in the "System of National Accounts 2008" (SNA08). SNA08 is endorsed by the five major international economic organisations: the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Bank and the European Commission. The complete version of SNA08 is available online, System of National Accounts, 2008. 

The Australian national accounts differ from the recommendations in the SNA08 in certain cases where the data is not available to meet these requirements or it is not considered practical to adhere to the standards. For more information on the differences between the Australian national accounts and the SNA08 please see Australian System of National Accounts: Concepts, Sources and Methods.

The I-O tables differ from SNA08 recommendations further in the treatment of non-invoiced transport costs which are treated on the SNA68 basis (refer to notes in the Data release section of this release for further information).

The annual Input-Output tables are published approximately 20 months after the reference period because of the need to acquire annual data from key sources, compile the Supply-Use (S-U) tables and then compile the I-O tables from the higher level S-U tables.

Input-Output (I-O) tables use a large number of data sources of varying quality and frequency. These range from, for example:

• data on merchandise trade - high quality and frequency due to the complete enumeration of imports and exports recorded as part of the customs clearance process
• data on product supply or intermediate usage - depending on the product and industry, this may be based on annual or occasional ABS surveys or non–ABS sources such as ABARES and state government department statistics.

Some parts of the I-O data are extrapolated from previous information due to limitations surrounding the data sources, including:

• age of data
• availability of detailed product level supply and use data.

These estimates are then confronted, reallocated and balanced against other cells within the I-O table framework, with more credence being given to some data sources over others.

These processes result in individual components being modelled and adjusted, and this is particularly true for those with relatively small values.

Users should therefore be cautious when considering isolated fragments of the tables, especially details at the product level, and when looking at the supply or use of products that may be related to an activity or industry but are being analysed outside the economic structure of the I-O tables.

The I-O tables present a coherent picture of the economy and the significant relationships in it, at a point in time. However, users should not interpret I-O data as they would directly collected administrative or survey data.

A major unifying feature within the Australian System of National Accounts is the use of supply and use methodology and tables to confront the data and balance the components of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in annual terms. I-O tables are an expansion of the Supply Use (S-U) tables. They disaggregate the gross domestic product account showing inter–industry flows of goods and services. At the time of release, the GDP measure reported in the I-O tables matches that which was reported in the most recent Annual National Accounts publication, Australian System of National Accounts, available at the time of compilation.

The ABS publishes a large amount of data on many aspects of the economy, both periodically and in the form of occasional surveys of particular industries or activities. Many of these, especially annual publications and occasional product surveys, are used in the I-O tables via the national accounts quarterly and annual S-U balancing process and so are relatable to the I-O tables. However, the data as presented in the I-O tables may differ in detail from the source data because of the I-O data confrontation and balancing processes, scope and coverage differences between individual publications and the national accounts, and adjustments and additions due to economic activity not generally collected in industry surveys such as gross fixed capital formation and use of financial services.

In compiling the Hybrid (Physical-Monetary Energy Use) tables, extensive work is undertaken to ensure consistency between I-O table estimates and monetary use estimates within the Energy Account, Australia publication. As a result of this reconciliation process, there is coherence between the Hybrid table and I-O tables for each energy product at the level of total intermediate use, as well as for household use and exports. A perfect alignment between Hybrid Energy Use tables and Input-Output tables within specific industries and inventories is not possible because of the iterative balancing process in the production of I-O tables. Though these differences are expected to be very small they are inevitable when the Hybrid Energy Use table is published before the corresponding I-O table. The reconciliation of monetary estimates in Hybrid tables and I-O tables will continue to be undertaken in future releases of those publications.

Input-Output tables disaggregate and describe the gross domestic product account in terms of the flows through the economy of the supply of goods and services from producers (domestic and non–resident) to their users and uses. They present a detailed analysis of the production process, the use of goods and services of that production at basic and producer prices, along with details on taxes, subsides and various types of margins.

For more detailed information about the quality dimensions of the Australian National Accounts please refer to: Information Paper: Quality Dimensions of the Australian National Accounts, 2007.

The Input-Output tables and the Input-Output Product details can be downloaded as Excel spreadsheets from the Data downloads section.

Australian production refers to the value at basic prices of goods and services produced in Australia.

Basic prices are the amount receivable by producers from the purchasers for units of a goods or services produced as output minus any tax payable, and plus any subsidy receivable, on those units as a consequence of production or sale. Basic prices exclude any transport charges invoiced separately by producers.

Changes in inventories represent the difference in value between inventories held at the beginning and end of the reference period by enterprises and general government. For national accounting purposes, physical changes in inventories should be valued at the prices current at the times when the changes occur. For these purposes, changes in inventories are obtained after adjusting the increase in book value of inventories by the inventory valuation adjustment. The need for the latter arises because the changes in the value of inventories as calculated from existing business accounting records do not meet national accounting requirements. The inventory valuation adjustment is the difference between the change in (book) value of inventories and the physical changes valued at current prices. The physical changes at average current quarter prices are calculated by applying average quarterly price indexes to the changes in various categories of inventories in volume terms.

Compensation of employees is the total remuneration, in cash or in kind, payable by an enterprise to an employee in return for work done by the employee during the accounting period. It is further classified into two sub-components: wages and salaries; and employers’ social contributions. Compensation of employees is not payable in respect of unpaid work undertaken voluntarily, including the work done by members of a household within an unincorporated enterprise owned by the same household. Compensation of employees excludes any taxes payable by the employer on the wage and salary bill (e.g. payroll tax).

Competing imports are those products which are both produced domestically and imported, so that substitution between the two sources of supply is possible.

Contributing family workers are persons who work without pay in an enterprise operated by a relative.

A product may be produced by more than one industry. The coverage ratio shows what proportion of the total domestic supply of a product is produced by the industry to which the product is primary.

The direct allocation method of recording imports involves allocating imports to the industries which use them and including them with the primary inputs to these industries in deriving the total production. With this method the intermediate consumption and final demand matrices contain only the use of domestic production, and so the intermediate use matrix does not reflect the full input structure of industries.

Direct requirement coefficients refer to the proportion of inputs directly required from industries by industries to produce $100 of output. In calculating the direct requirements coefficients, the flow on effects on industries are not taken into account.

Includes employed people who usually worked 35 hours or more a week (in all jobs) and those who, although usually working less than 35 hours a week, worked 35 hours or more during the reference week.

Includes employed people who usually worked less than 35 hours a week (in all jobs) and either did so during the reference week, or were not at work in the reference week.

A person engaged (employed) by an Australian resident enterprise, undertaking economic activity within the System of National Accounts (SNA) production boundary. This includes all people during the reference week:

• Worked for one hour or more for pay, profit, commission or payment in kind, in a job or business or on a farm (employees and owner managers of incorporated or unincorporated enterprises).
• Worked for one hour or more without pay in a family business or on a farm (contributing family workers).
• Were employees who had a job but were not at work and were:
  • away from work for less than four weeks up to the end of the reference week; or
  • away from work for more than four weeks up to the end of the reference week and received pay for some or all of the four week period to the end of the reference week; or
  • away from work as a standard work or shift arrangement; or
  • on strike or locked out; or
  • on workers' compensation and expected to return to their job.
• Were owner managers who had a job, business or farm, but were not at work.

Unlike the estimates of employed persons published in the monthly Labour Force Survey, which relate to the resident civilian population aged 15 years and over, employed persons in the Input-Output tables includes employed short-term non-residents, child workers, and defence force personnel.
 

Employees are persons who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, a retainer fee from their employer while working on a commission basis, tips, piece rates, or payment in kind. Employees are engaged under a contract of service (an employment contract) and take directions from their employer/supervisor/manager/foreman on how work is performed.

The GST is a tax of 10 per cent on the price of most goods and services in Australia, including those that are imported. It does not apply to sales of goods or services that are either exempt (GST-free) or input-taxed.

Net expenditure on goods and services by public authorities, other than those classified as public corporations, which does not result in the creation of fixed assets or inventories or in the acquisition of land and existing buildings or second-hand assets. It comprises expenditure on compensation of employees (other than those charged to capital works, etc.), goods and services (other than fixed assets and inventories) and consumption of fixed capital. Expenditure on repair and maintenance of roads is included. Fees, etc., charged by general government bodies for goods sold and services rendered are offset against purchases. Net expenditure overseas by general government bodies and purchases from public corporations are included. Expenditure on defence assets is classified as gross fixed capital formation.

Gross domestic product is the total market value of goods and services produced in Australia within a given period after deducting the cost of goods and services used up in the process of production, but before deducting allowances for the consumption of fixed capital. Thus gross domestic product, as here defined, is 'at market prices'. It is equivalent to gross national expenditure plus exports of goods and services less imports of goods and services.

Expenditure on new fixed assets plus net expenditure on second-hand fixed assets and including both additions and replacements.

Gross mixed income of unincorporated enterprises is the term reserved for the surplus accruing to owners of unincorporated enterprises from processes of production (as defined for gross operating surplus) before deducting any explicit or implicit interest, rents or other property incomes payable on the financial assets, non-produced non-financial natural resource assets (such as land) required to carry on the production and before deducting consumption of fixed capital. However, GMI is measured after the deduction of FISIM and the insurance service charge. The owners, or other members of their households, may work without receiving any wage or salary. Mixed income therefore includes both gross operating surplus for unincorporated enterprises and returns for the proprietors' own labour (akin to wages and salaries). In practice, all unincorporated enterprises owned by households that are not quasi-corporations are deemed to fall into this category, except owner-occupiers in their capacity as producers of housing services for own final consumption, and households employing paid domestic staff (an activity which is deemed to generate zero surplus).

Gross operating surplus is a measure of the surplus accruing to owners from processes of production before deducting any explicit or implicit interest charges, rents or other property incomes payable on the financial assets, non-produced non-financial natural resource assets (such as land) required to carry on the production and before deducting consumption of fixed capital. However, GOS is measured after the deduction of FISIM and the insurance service charge. It excludes gross mixed income which is the surplus accruing to owners of unincorporated enterprises. Gross operating surplus is also calculated for general government, where it equals general government's consumption of fixed capital.

Gross value added is defined as the value of output at basic prices minus the value of intermediate consumption at purchasers' prices. The term is used to describe gross product by industry and by sector. Basic prices valuation of output removes the distortion caused by variations in the incidence of commodity taxes and subsidies across the output of individual industries.

Net expenditure on goods and services by persons and expenditure of a current nature by private non-profit institutions serving households. This item excludes expenditures by unincorporated businesses and expenditures on assets by non-profit institutions (included in gross fixed capital formation). Also excluded are maintenance of dwellings (treated as intermediate expenses of private enterprises), but personal expenditure on motor vehicles and other durable goods and the imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings are included. The value of 'backyard' production (including food produced and consumed on farms) is included in household final consumption expenditure and the payment of wages and salaries in kind (e.g. food and lodging supplied free to employees) is counted in both household income and household final consumption expenditure.

The indirect allocation method of recording imports includes those imports in the intermediate use of industries and in the final use categories without distinguishing the imports from the products with which they compete. This allows the intermediate use matrix to fully reflect the input structures of industries. With this method the imports are also listed under the industries’ use of primary inputs, but after deriving total production.

The chain of calculations of output requirements can be continued beyond the direct requirements of an industry. For example, in order to produce output from the chemicals industry, inputs are required directly from the mining industry. To produce this direct requirement of the mining industry, the chemical industry needs, in turn, additional output from the mining industry, and so on in a convergent infinite series. The example has been confined to two industries directly dependent on each other, but indirect requirements can arise even in the absence of direct dependence. For example, the mining industry may not directly require any inputs from agriculture, but it requires inputs from chemicals which cannot be satisfied without input from agriculture. Therefore, there is an indirect requirement by mining for agricultural input.

IOIGs are based on the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC) and the I-O tables are published at this level of industry.

The IOPC is the detailed level product classification, organised according to the industry to which each product is primary. I-O tables are compiled at this level of product classification.

IOPGs are groups of IOPCs aggregated to the IOIGs to which they are primary. I-O tables are published at this level of product classification.

Intermediate consumption consists of the value of the goods and services consumed as inputs by a process of production, excluding the consumption of fixed capital.

Intra-industry flows refer to the production by units in an industry and use of that production by other units within the same industry. Australian I-O tables include the values of these flows.

Inventories consist of stocks of outputs that are held at the end of a period by the units that produced them prior to their being further processed, sold, delivered to other units or used in other ways, and stocks of products acquired from other units that are intended to be used for intermediate consumption or for resale without further processing.

Margins represent the costs involved in moving a product from the producer to the purchaser. They include trade and transport margins such as Retail Trade margins and Road Transport margins. When intermediate use or final demand transactions are valued at basic prices, margins are shown separately (see tables 23 to 34) and recorded as intermediate consumption of the industries or final users that purchase the product. When transactions are valued as purchasers' prices, the value of margins is incorporated into the purchasers' price of the product.

Other subsidies on production consist of all subsidies, except subsidies on products, which resident enterprises may receive as a consequence of engaging in production. Other subsidies on production include: subsidies related to the payroll or workforce numbers (including subsidies payable on the total wage or salary bill), on numbers employed, or on the employment of particular types of persons, e.g. persons with disabilities or persons who have been unemployed for a long period.

Other taxes on production consist of all taxes that enterprises incur as a result of engaging in production, except taxes on products. Other taxes on production include: taxes related to the payroll or workforce numbers excluding compulsory social security contributions paid by employers and any taxes paid by the employees themselves out of their wages or salaries; recurrent taxes on land, buildings or other structures; some business and professional licences where no service is provided by the Government in return; taxes on the use of fixed assets or other activities; stamp duties; taxes on pollution; and taxes on international transactions.

The primary input content per $100 of use by an industry shows the ultimate content (resulting from total requirements) of each primary input in $100 of that industry’s use.

Primary inputs include compensation of employees, gross operating surplus and gross mixed income, taxes less subsidies on products, other taxes less subsidies on production and imports.

Purchasers' prices are the amount paid by purchasers, excluding any deductible tax, in order to take delivery of a unit of a good or service at the time and place required by the purchasers. The purchasers’ prices of goods include any transport charges paid separately by the purchasers to take delivery at the required time and place.

In the image below, Quadrant 1 represents the industry (row) by industry (column) dimension. Quadrant 2 represents the industry by final demand dimension. Quadrant 3 represents primary input by industry dimension. Quadrant 4 represents the primary input by final demand dimension. For more detailed information, please refer to the description tab.

A subsidy on a product is a subsidy payable per unit of a good or service. The subsidy may be a specific amount of money per unit of quantity of a good or service, or it may be calculated ad valorem as a specified percentage of the price per unit. A subsidy may also be calculated as the difference between a specified target price and the market price actually paid by a purchaser. A subsidy on a product usually becomes payable when the product is produced, sold or imported, but it may also become payable in other circumstances, such as when a product is exported, leased, transferred, delivered or used for own consumption or own capital formation.

Re-exports are goods imported into Australia and then exported without having been used or transformed in any way.

An industry may produce a number of products, some of which may be primary to that industry and some of which may be primary to other industries. The specialisation ratio shows the proportion of an industry’s output that is primary to that industry.

Taxes on products are taxes payable per unit of a good or service. The tax may be a specific amount per unit of quantity (measured in discrete units or in continuous physical terms such as volume, weight, strength, distance, or time), or it may be calculated as a percentage of the price or value of the goods or services. A tax on a product usually becomes payable when it is produced, sold, or imported, but it may also become payable in other circumstances, such as when a good is exported, leased, transferred, delivered, or used for own consumption or own capital formation.

A total requirement coefficient at the intersection of a row i and column j of a table represents the value of output of industry i required directly and indirectly to produce 100 units of output absorbed by final demand (i.e. final output) of industry j.

Trade margin is defined as the difference between the actual or imputed price realised on a good purchased for resale and the price that would have to be paid by the distributor to replace the good at the time it is sold or otherwise disposed of.

Transport margins are charges incurred to move a product from the producer to the purchaser. Regardless of whether transport margins are included in the price paid by the purchaser or separately invoiced, they are all treated as transport margins in the I-O tables and are excluded from the basic price of the good. This treatment follows the 1968 SNA and applies only in the ABS I-O tables. It differs from the 2008 SNA and the ABS S-U tables, where only separately invoiced transport charges are recognised as transport margins and excluded from the basic price of the good.