Latest release

Barriers and Incentives to Labour Force Participation, Australia

Factors that influence how people participate in the labour market and the hours they work

Reference period

2018-19 financial year

Released

28/08/2020

Next release Unknown

Key statistics

The most common reason women were unavailable start a job or work more hours within four weeks was 'Caring for children', while for men it was 'Long term sickness or disability'.
The most important incentives for people to seek a job or more hours were those related to child-care access and costs.

Overview

The 2018-19 Multipurpose Household Survey (MPHS) revealed that of the 19 million people aged 18+ years:

there were 10.5 million people who did not work full-time
17% not participating in the labour force would like a job
1 in 3 people working less than 16 hours would like to work more hours

Preference for more hours or work

		Employed		Not employed	Total
	Usually works 16-34 hours per week	Usually works fewer than 16 hours per week	Unemployed	Not in the labour force	Total
People aged over 18 years	2,741,500	1,160,500	600,300	6,066,400	10,568,700
Would like to work more hours / Would like a job	639,400 (23%)	396,800 (34%)	600,300 (100%)	1,044,100 (17%)	2,680,600
Did not want more hours / Did not want a job	2,102,000 (77%)	763,800 (66%)	-	5,022,300 (83%)	7,888,100

Wanted a job or preferred to work more hours

There were 2.7 million people who did not work full-time and wanted a job or preferred to work more hours. Determining whether these people wanted a job or were available to work more hours is important because those who are available have a greater potential to participate or increase their participation in the labour force than those who are not available.

Of the 2.7 million people who wanted a job or preferred to work more hours, most (2.3 million) were available to start within 4 weeks.

267,800 people were not available to start a job or work with more hours within four weeks.

the main reason women were unavailable to start work was "Caring for children" (48%)
the main reason men were unavailable to start work was "Long term sickness or disability" (32%)

Graph 1 - Main reason not available to start a job or more hours
	Males (%)	Females (%)	Persons (%)
Caring for ill/disabled/elderly person	7.8	4.6	5.8
Caring for children	3.2	47.9	31.1
Taking holidays	1.6	3.1	2.5
Studying/returning to study	21.6	18.2	19.5
Long-term sickness or disability	32.4	5.7	15.7
Short-term sickness or injury	22.6	8.0	13.4

["","Males","Females","Persons"]

[["Caring for ill\/disabled\/elderly person","Caring for children","Taking holidays","Studying\/returning to study","Long-term sickness or disability","Short-term sickness or injury"],[[7.7999999999999998],[3.2000000000000002],[1.6000000000000001],[21.600000000000001],[32.399999999999999],[22.600000000000001]],[[4.5999999999999996],[47.899999999999999],[3.1000000000000001],[18.199999999999999],[5.7000000000000002],[8]],[[5.7999999999999998],[31.100000000000001],[2.5],[19.5],[15.699999999999999],[13.4]]]

[]

Note: Availability refers to the reference week or within four weeks.

Difficulty finding a job or work with more hours

Of the 2.3 million people who wanted a job or more hours and were available to start, only about half were actively looking for work (1.2 million).

The main difficulties reported for finding work or more hours included:

Too many applicants for available jobs (16%)
No jobs with suitable conditions/arrangements (13%)
No jobs or vacancies in locality/line of work/at all (12%)

Graph 2 - Main difficulty in finding a job or more hours
	Males (%)	Females (%)	Persons (%)
No jobs with suitable conditions/arrangements	13.1	12.2	12.6
No jobs or vacancies in locality/line of work/at all	11.5	12.6	12.1
Considered too old by employers	10.9	5.2	7.7
Lacks necessary training/qualifications/experience	12.6	10.0	11.2
Too many applicants for available jobs	15.3	17.0	16.2

["","Males","Females","Persons"]

[["No jobs with suitable conditions\/arrangements","No jobs or vacancies in locality\/line of work\/at all","Considered too old by employers","Lacks necessary training\/qualifications\/experience","Too many applicants for available jobs"],[[13.1],[11.5],[10.9],[12.6],[15.300000000000001]],[[12.199999999999999],[12.6],[5.2000000000000002],[10],[17]],[[12.6],[12.1],[7.7000000000000002],[11.199999999999999],[16.199999999999999]]]

[]

Were available and looking for a job or more hours

There were 1.2 million people who wanted a job or work with more hours, were available and were looking, of whom:

600,300 (52%) people were classified as unemployed
67,600 (6%) were not in the labour force (these people were not classified as unemployed because they were not available to start work in the reference week, but were available to start within 4 weeks)
495,400 (42%) were employed and usually worked less than 35 hours

Incentives to join/increase participation in the labour force

Incentives to join/increase participation in the labour force were asked of people aged 18-75 years who were either:

Not in the labour force, excluding those permanently unable to work and those permanently retired
Unemployed
People who usually worked part-time (less than 35 hours)

Incentives that were rated as 'very important' included:

Work related incentives
Skill related incentives
Childcare related incentives

The most important incentive for women was "Access to childcare place" (52% of women rates this as "very important") while for men it was "Financial assistance with childcare costs" (37% of men).

Graph 3 - Incentives to join/increase participation in the labour force
	Males (%)	Females (%)
Ability to work school hours	7.6	29.0
Getting a job that matches skills and experience	36.2	42.5
Vary start and finish times	23.0	34.7
Ability to work part-time hours	29.5	49.2
Access to childcare places	30.1	52.0
Work set number of hours on set days	29.4	42.7
Financial assistance with childcare costs	36.6	51.2

["","Males","Females"]

[["Ability to work school hours","Getting a job that matches skills and experience","Vary start and finish times","Ability to work part-time hours","Access to childcare places","Work set number of hours on set days","Financial assistance with childcare costs"],[[7.5999999999999996],[36.200000000000003],[23],[29.5],[30.100000000000001],[29.399999999999999],[36.600000000000001]],[[29],[42.5],[34.700000000000003],[49.200000000000003],[52],[42.700000000000003],[51.200000000000003]]]

[]

Note: Only includes incentives that were considered ‘Very important’.

The most important incentives for people;

Not in the labour force was "Financial assistance with childcare costs" (49% rated this "very important")
Unemployed was "Getting a job that matches skills and experience" (66%)
Employed was "Ability to work part-time hours" (52%)

Were available and not looking for a job or more hours

There were 1.1 million people who wanted a job or work with more hours, were available but were not looking. 62% of these people were women and they commonly reported that "Caring for Children" was the main reason for not looking for a job or work with more hours (85% compared to 15% for men).

Did not want a job or more hours

Approximately 7.8 million people who were not in the labour force or who worked fewer than 35 hours reported that they did not want a job or more hours.

The main reason people not in the labour force did not want a job included:

Permanently retired from full-time work/will not work full-time again (37%)
No need/satisfied with current arrangements/retired from full-time work (for now) (22%)
Long-term sickness or disability (17%)

Graph 4 - Main reason people not in the labour force do not want a job
	Males (%)	Females (%)	Persons (%)
Home duties	0.0	1.3	0.8
Studying/returning to studies	6.0	5.2	5.5
Long-term sickness or disability	20.7	14.5	16.9
Welfare payments/pension/allowance may be affected	0.6	0.4	0.5
Permanently retired from full-time work/will not work full-time again	40.4	35.7	37.5
No need/satisfied with current arrangements/retired from full-time work (for now)	24.3	20.5	22.0

["","Males","Females","Persons"]

[["Home duties","Studying\/returning to studies","Long-term sickness or disability","Welfare payments\/pension\/allowance may be affected","Permanently retired from full-time work\/will not work full-time again","No need\/satisfied with current arrangements\/retired from full-time work (for now)"],[[0],[6],[20.699999999999999],[0.59999999999999998],[40.399999999999999],[24.300000000000001]],[[1.3],[5.2000000000000002],[14.5],[0.40000000000000002],[35.700000000000003],[20.5]],[[0.80000000000000004],[5.5],[16.899999999999999],[0.5],[37.5],[22]]]

[]

For people who usually worked part-time, the main reason for not wanting more hours included:

No need/satisfied with current arrangements/retired from full-time work (for now) (40%)
Caring for children (20%)
Studying/returning to studies (20%)

Graph 5 - Main reason people working part-time do not want to work more hours
	Males (%)	Females (%)	Persons (%)
Home duties	0.5	2.9	2.2
Studying/returning to studies	28.8	16.2	19.7
Long-term sickness or disability	3.5	2.7	2.9
Permanently retired from full-time work/will not work full-time again	4.9	2.4	3.1
No need/satisfied with current arrangements/retired from full-time work (for now)	47.3	37.1	39.9
Caring for children	2.2	26.7	19.9

["","Males","Females","Persons"]

[["Home duties","Studying\/returning to studies","Long-term sickness or disability","Permanently retired from full-time work\/will not work full-time again","No need\/satisfied with current arrangements\/retired from full-time work (for now)","Caring for children"],[[0.5],[28.800000000000001],[3.5],[4.9000000000000004],[47.299999999999997],[2.2000000000000002]],[[2.8999999999999999],[16.199999999999999],[2.7000000000000002],[2.3999999999999999],[37.100000000000001],[26.699999999999999]],[[2.2000000000000002],[19.699999999999999],[2.8999999999999999],[3.1000000000000001],[39.899999999999999],[19.899999999999999]]]

[]

Conceptual framework

To understand potential barriers to increased labour force participation there are three groups of persons who are of particular interest:

unemployed (600,300 persons);
persons not in the labour force (6.1 million); and
employed persons who usually worked less than 35 hours (3.9 million).

Persons not in the labour force includes persons who wanted a paid job and those who did not want a paid job.

The 2018–19 Multipurpose Household Survey (MPHS) revealed that of persons working between 16 and 34 hours, 639,400 persons preferred to work more hours and 613,300 persons were available to start work or more hours. For persons working less than 16 hours, 396,800 preferred to work more hours and 368,000 were available to start work or more hours. The Survey also revealed that of persons not in the labour force, 1.0 million wanted a paid job and 678,400 persons were available to start work.

The following conceptual framework identifies these groups of people.

Image

The conceptual framework showing estimates of the population within the Labour force and not within the Labour force

Description

The conceptual framework shows that among the 19,009,100 civilian population aged 18 years and over (a)(b), 12,942,600 were in the Labour force and 6,066,400 were persons not in the Labour force.

Of persons in the labour force, 12,342,300 are employed and 600,300 are unemployed

Of persons employed, 8,440,300 were persons who usually worked 35 hours or more per week, 2,741,500 were persons who usually worked 16-34 hours per week, and 1,160,500 were persons who usually worked 0-15 hours per week.

Of persons who usually worked 16-34 hours per week, 639,400 preferred to work more hours and 2,102,000 did not prefer to work more hours (c).

Of persons who usually worked 16-34 hours per week and preferred to work more hours, 613,300 were available to start work with more hours (e) and 26,200 were not available to start work with more hours (e)(f).

Of persons who usually worked 16-34 hours per week and were available to start work with more hours(e), 289,000 looked for more hours and 324,200 did not look for more hours.

Of persons who usually worked 0-15 hours per week, 396,800 preferred to work more hours and 763,800 Did not prefer to work more hours (c).

Of persons who usually worked 0-15 hours per week and preferred to work more hours, 368,000 were available to start work with more hours (e) and 21,100 were not available to start work with more hours (e)(f).

Of persons who usually worked 0-15 hours per week and were available to start work with more hours (e), 206,300 looked for more hours and 161,700 did not look for more hours.

Of persons not in the labour force, 1,044,100 wanted a paid job (d) and 5,022,300 did not want a paid job (c).

Of persons who wanted a paid job (d), 678,400 were available to start work (e) and 220,500 were not available to start work (c)(e).

Of persons who were available to start work (e) 67,600 were actively looked for work (g) and 610,800 did not actively look for work.

Estimates shown in the conceptual framework relate to the 2018-19 financial year.
For exclusions see paragraph 7 on the Methodology page.
Includes persons who reported "Did not know".
Includes persons who reported "Maybe/It depends".
Availability referred to reference week or within four weeks.
These persons reported they did not look for more hours.
These persons were not available to start work in the reference week so they are defined as not in the labour force rather than unemployed.

Changes in this issue

Weighting and rebenchmarking

From this issue, the Barriers and Incentives to Labour Force Participation (B&I) was weighted to benchmarks that were based on a 12 month average of population estimates across the financial year reference period (July 2018 to June 2019). These benchmarks included populations categorised by geography of usual residence, sex and age, as well as employed, unemployed and not in the labour force populations. They were sourced from the results of the Labour Force Survey (LFS) as reported in the December 2019 issue of Labour Force, Australia.

Previously, population benchmarks were based on a single point in time instead of a 12 month average (December for the 2016-17 issue, and March for previous issues). Using a 12 month average removes the seasonality from the employed, unemployed and not in the labour force benchmarks and is more representative of the period of collection across the financial year.

Estimates from the LFS have been used as benchmarks for B&I since the 2014-15 issue, to improve coherence between the two publications. Previously, they were used in tandem with independent benchmarks from Estimated Resident Population (ERP). LFS estimates are also benchmarked to ERP, and since 2015 have been revised and rebenchmarked on a quarterly basis to the latest population estimates. From this issue, B&I benchmarks are based solely on LFS estimates, since they already include the latest information from ERP.

TableBuilder

Barriers and Incentives to Labour Force Participation 2018-19 microdata will be available 28th August 2020 via TableBuilder.

For more information see About TableBuilder.

Perturbation

Barriers and Incentives to Labour Force Participation data in published outputs will no longer have perturbation applied, an approach consistent with other ABS Labour statistics publications.

Table name changes

In order to make the data easier to use, table names have been changed to shorter and more concise names that better describe the contents of each table. The content and the layout of each table has not changed.