Migrant settlement outcomes, 2026

Changes in this release:

all data has been rounded to the nearest 10
state and territory data available in data downloads
addition of vocational education and training data to 2021 enrolments and completions data
new data for access to health services (2024)
new data for personal income including income received from government payments (2023-24
financial year).

Data sources

Arrival periods

Australian citizenship

The following section contains data sourced from ACMID.

In 2021, more than half (59%) of permanent migrants were Australian citizens. Australian citizenship was:

highest for Skilled migrants (64%)
lowest for Family migrants (48%).

Citizenship take-up was higher for permanent migrants who had lived in Australia for longer. It was:

4.2% for migrants who lived in Australia for less than 5 years
77% for migrants who lived in Australia for more than 10 years
highest for Humanitarian migrants (89%) who lived in Australia for more than 10 years.

Permanent migrants(a) with Australian citizenship by visa stream and arrival period, 2021
	Arrived 2017-2021(b) (%)	Arrived 2012-2016 (%)	Arrived before 2012 (%)	Total(c) (%)
Skilled	4.1	52.8	79.9	64.3
Family	4.2	34.0	66.4	47.7
Humanitarian	4.5	42.4	89.3	61.3
All permanent migrants(d)	4.2	45.4	76.6	58.7

Permanent migrants(a) with Australian citizenship by visa stream and arrival period, 2021

["","Arrived 2017-2021(b)","Arrived 2012-2016","Arrived before 2012","Total(c)"]

[["Skilled","Family","Humanitarian","All permanent migrants(d)"],[[4.1],[4.2],[4.5],[4.2]],[[52.8],[34],[42.4],[45.4]],[[79.9],[66.4],[89.3],[76.6]],[[64.3],[47.7],[61.3],[58.7]]]

[]

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Includes persons whose Settlement Data date of arrival was 1st January 2000 or later, but may have reported a Census year of arrival in Australia prior to 2000.
Arrived 1 January 2017 to 10 August 2021 (Census Night).
Includes migrants with year of arrival not stated and not applicable.
Includes other permanent migrants.

Education

The following section presents data sourced from:

Higher Education and Total VET Activity (TVA) data available in PLIDA
ACMID and Census.

Due to the addition of TVA data, and revisions to contributing datasets, it is not directly comparable with previous releases. For more information, refer to the Methodology.

Non-school qualifications

Non-school qualifications are awarded for educational attainments other than those of pre-primary, primary or secondary education. They include qualifications at the Postgraduate Degree level, Master Degree level, Graduate Diploma and Graduate Certificate level, Bachelor Degree level, Advanced Diploma and Diploma level, and Certificates I, II, III and IV levels. School level qualifications obtained through institutions other than primary and secondary schools (such as TAFE) are not included. Non-school qualifications may be attained concurrently with school study.

Non-school qualifications

In 2021, the proportion of people aged 15-64 years with a non-school qualification was:

71% for permanent migrants
56% for the total Australian population
highest for Skilled migrants (80%)
lowest for Humanitarian migrants (36%).

By visa stream, proportions with a non-school qualification varied by length of time in Australia. It was:

lower for Humanitarian migrants who had lived in Australia for less than 5 years (21%) compared with those who lived in Australia for more than 10 years (44%)
higher for Skilled migrants who had lived in Australia for less than 5 years (84%) compared with those who lived in Australia for more than 10 years (80%).

Permanent migrants(a) aged 15-64 years with a non-school qualification(b) by visa stream and arrival period, 2021
	Arrived 2017-2021(c) (%)	Arrived 2012-2016 (%)	Arrived before 2012 (%)	Total(d) (%)
Skilled	84.0	81.3	79.5	79.7
Family	58.6	62.7	65.6	63.1
Humanitarian	21.1	28.9	44.2	36.2
All permanent migrants(e)	66.3	70.2	72.6	70.5

Permanent migrants(a) aged 15-64 years with a non-school qualification(b) by visa stream and arrival period, 2021

["","Arrived 2017-2021(c)","Arrived 2012-2016","Arrived before 2012","Total(d)"]

[["Skilled","Family","Humanitarian","All permanent migrants(e)"],[[84],[58.6],[21.1],[66.3]],[[81.3],[62.7],[28.9],[70.2]],[[79.5],[65.6],[44.2],[72.6]],[[79.7],[63.1],[36.2],[70.5]]]

[]

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Includes persons whose Settlement Data date of arrival was 1st January 2000 or later, but may have reported a Census year of arrival in Australia prior to 2000.
Includes higher education and/or vocational education and training.
Arrived 1 January 2017 to 10 August 2021 (Census Night).
Includes migrants with year of arrival not stated and not applicable.
Includes other permanent migrants.

Enrolled in a non-school qualification in 2021

In 2021, for those aged 15-64 years:

15% of permanent migrants were enrolled in a non-school qualification
14% of the total Australian population were enrolled in a non-school qualification.

By visa stream, enrolment was:

highest for Humanitarian migrants (16%)
lowest for Family migrants (13%).

Enrolment proportions were:

17% for migrants who lived in Australia for less than 5 years
14% for migrants who lived in Australia for more than 10 years
highest for Skilled migrants (18%) who lived in Australia for less than 5 years.

Permanent migrants(a) aged 15-64 years enrolled in a non-school qualification(b) by visa stream and arrival period, 2021
	Arrived 2017-2021 (%)	Arrived 2012-2016 (%)	Arrived 2000-2011 (%)	Total (%)
Skilled	17.9	14.3	14.6	15.3
Family	14.2	13.9	11.4	12.8
Humanitarian	14.8	14.7	17.0	16.0
All permanent migrants(c)	16.5	14.2	13.9	14.6

Permanent migrants(a) aged 15-64 years enrolled in a non-school qualification(b) by visa stream and arrival period, 2021

["","Arrived 2017-2021","Arrived 2012-2016","Arrived 2000-2011","Total"]

[["Skilled","Family","Humanitarian","All permanent migrants(c)"],[[17.9],[14.2],[14.8],[16.5]],[[14.3],[13.9],[14.7],[14.2]],[[14.6],[11.4],[17],[13.9]],[[15.3],[12.8],[16],[14.6]]]

[]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Visa stream","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Proportion (%)","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"(%)","table_units":"(%)","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Includes persons whose Settlement Data date of arrival was 1st January 2000 or later.
Includes higher education and/or vocational education and training.
Includes other permanent migrants.

Completed a non-school qualification in 2021

In 2021, for those aged 15-64 years:

5.5% of permanent migrants completed a non-school qualification
4.3% of the total Australian population completed a non-school qualification.

By visa stream this was:

5.9% for Skilled migrants
4.9% for Humanitarian migrants
4.8% for Family migrants.

Proportions who completed a non-school qualification in 2021 were:

highest for Skilled migrants (9.7%) who lived in Australia for less than 5 years
lowest for Family migrants (3.9%) who lived in Australia for more than 10 years.

Permanent migrants(a) aged 15-64 years who completed a non-school qualification(b) in 2021 by visa stream and arrival period
	Arrived 2017-2021 (%)	Arrived 2012-2016 (%)	Arrived 2000-2011 (%)	Total (%)
Skilled	9.7	5.2	4.6	5.9
Family	6.4	5.0	3.9	4.8
Humanitarian	5.6	4.8	4.8	4.9
All permanent migrants(c)	8.3	5.1	4.4	5.5

Permanent migrants(a) aged 15-64 years who completed a non-school qualification(b) in 2021 by visa stream and arrival period

["","Arrived 2017-2021","Arrived 2012-2016","Arrived 2000-2011","Total"]

[["Skilled","Family","Humanitarian","All permanent migrants(c)"],[[9.7],[6.4],[5.6],[8.3]],[[5.2],[5],[4.8],[5.1]],[[4.6],[3.9],[4.8],[4.4]],[[5.9],[4.8],[4.9],[5.5]]]

[]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Visa stream","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

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Includes persons whose Settlement Data date of arrival was 1st January 2000 or later.
Includes higher education and/or vocational education and training.
Includes other permanent migrants.

Moving from school to higher education

There were 16,340 permanent migrants aged 15-64 years who completed school in 2020 and were enrolled in higher education in 2021 (0.6%). This was the same proportion as the total Australian population moving from school to higher education (107,000 people).

By visa stream this was:

0.7% for both Skilled and Humanitarian migrants (12,020 and 1,810 people respectively)
0.3% for Family migrants (2,510 people).

Proportions moving from school to higher education were:

highest for Skilled migrants (1.0% or 8,360 people) who lived in Australia for more than 10 years
lowest for Family migrants (0.2% or 440 people) and Skilled migrants (0.2% or 800 people), who lived in Australia for less than 5 years.

Permanent migrants(a) aged 15-64 years moving from school to higher education in 2021 by visa stream and arrival period
	Arrived 2017-2021 (%)	Arrived 2012-2016 (%)	Arrived 2000-2011 (%)	Total (%)
Skilled	0.2	0.6	1.0	0.7
Family	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3
Humanitarian	0.6	0.8	0.8	0.7
All permanent migrants(b)	0.2	0.5	0.8	0.6

Permanent migrants(a) aged 15-64 years moving from school to higher education in 2021 by visa stream and arrival period

["","Arrived 2017-2021","Arrived 2012-2016","Arrived 2000-2011","Total"]

[["Skilled","Family","Humanitarian","All permanent migrants(b)"],[[0.2],[0.2],[0.6],[0.2]],[[0.6],[0.3],[0.8],[0.5]],[[1],[0.3],[0.8],[0.8]],[[0.7],[0.3],[0.7],[0.6]]]

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Includes persons whose Settlement Data date of arrival was 1st January 2000 or later.
Includes other permanent migrants.

Economic participation

The following section contains data sourced from:

personal income and government payments data available in PLIDA
ACMID and Census.

For more information on sources of income included in these statistics, refer to the Methodology.

Labour force status

In 2021, the labour force status of people aged 15-64 years was:

74% employed, 4.5% unemployed and 21% not in the labour force for permanent migrants
74% employed, 4.0% unemployed and 22% not in the labour force for the total Australian population.

Employment proportions were:

highest for Skilled migrants (82%)
lowest for Humanitarian migrants (46%).

Labour force status(a) of permanent migrants(b) aged 15-64 years by visa stream, 2021
	Employed (%)	Unemployed (%)	Not in the labour force (%)
Skilled	81.8	3.8	14.4
Family	68.2	5.0	26.8
Humanitarian	46.0	8.0	46.0
All permanent migrants(c)	74.3	4.5	21.2

Labour force status(a) of permanent migrants(b) aged 15-64 years by visa stream, 2021

["","Employed","Unemployed","Not in the labour force"]

[["Skilled","Family","Humanitarian","All permanent migrants(c)"],[[81.8],[68.2],[46],[74.3]],[[3.8],[5],[8],[4.5]],[[14.4],[26.8],[46],[21.2]]]

[]

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[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Proportion (%)","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"(%)","table_units":"(%)","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Includes persons either employed (full-time, part-time, or away from work), unemployed (looking for full-time or part-time work), or not in the labour force in the week prior to Census Night.
Includes persons whose Settlement Data date of arrival was 1st January 2000 or later, but may have reported a Census year of arrival in Australia prior to 2000.
Includes other permanent migrants.

By visa stream, employment proportions were higher for migrants who had lived in Australia for longer, particularly for Humanitarian migrants:

about a quarter (25%) of Humanitarian migrants who had lived in Australia for less than 5 years were employed
over half (55%) of Humanitarian migrants who lived in Australia for more than 10 years were employed.

Employed(a) permanent migrants(b) aged 15-64 years by visa stream and arrival period, 2021
	Arrived 2017-2021(c) (%)	Arrived 2012-2016 (%)	Arrived before 2012 (%)	Total(d) (%)
Skilled	76.0	81.7	83.0	81.8
Family	56.9	66.9	72.1	68.2
Humanitarian	24.6	39.3	54.6	46.0
All permanent migrants(e)	62.3	72.9	77.5	74.3

Employed(a) permanent migrants(b) aged 15-64 years by visa stream and arrival period, 2021

["","Arrived 2017-2021(c)","Arrived 2012-2016","Arrived before 2012","Total(d)"]

[["Skilled","Family","Humanitarian","All permanent migrants(e)"],[[76],[56.9],[24.6],[62.3]],[[81.7],[66.9],[39.3],[72.9]],[[83],[72.1],[54.6],[77.5]],[[81.8],[68.2],[46],[74.3]]]

[]

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Includes persons either 'Employed, worked full-time', 'Employed, worked part-time' or 'Employed, away from work' in the week prior to Census Night.
Includes persons whose Settlement Data date of arrival was 1st January 2000 or later, but may have reported a Census year of arrival in Australia prior to 2000.
Arrived 1 January 2017 to 10 August 2021 (Census Night).
Includes migrants with year of arrival not stated and not applicable.
Includes other permanent migrants.

Receiving personal income

In the 2023-24 financial year, the proportion of those aged 15-64 years who received personal income was:

87% for permanent migrants
86% for the total Australian population
highest for Skilled migrants (92%)
lowest for Humanitarian migrants (65%).

By visa stream, the proportions of permanent migrants who received personal income varied by length of time in Australia. It was:

similar for Skilled migrants regardless of how long they had lived in Australia (over 90%)
lower for Family migrants who lived in Australia for less than 5 years (75%), compared with those in Australia for more than 10 years (86%)
lower for Humanitarian migrants who lived in Australia for less than 5 years (39%), compared with those in Australia for more than 10 years (73%).

Permanent migrants(a) aged 15-64 years receiving personal income(b) by visa stream and arrival period, 2023-24
	Arrived Jul 2019 to Jun 2024 (%)	Arrived Jul 2014 to Jun 2019 (%)	Arrived Jan 2000 to Jun 2014 (%)	Total (%)
Skilled	90.8	93.4	91.8	92.1
Family	74.5	85.1	86.0	83.9
Humanitarian	39.2	59.8	73.2	65.0
All permanent migrants(c)	80.1	88.3	88.4	87.2

Permanent migrants(a) aged 15-64 years receiving personal income(b) by visa stream and arrival period, 2023-24

["","Arrived Jul 2019 to Jun 2024","Arrived Jul 2014 to Jun 2019","Arrived Jan 2000 to Jun 2014","Total"]

[["Skilled","Family","Humanitarian","All permanent migrants(c)"],[[90.8],[74.5],[39.2],[80.1]],[[93.4],[85.1],[59.8],[88.3]],[[91.8],[86],[73.2],[88.4]],[[92.1],[83.9],[65],[87.2]]]

[]

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[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Proportion (%)","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"(%)","table_units":"(%)","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Includes persons whose Settlement Data date of arrival was 1st January 2000 or later.
Employee wages and salary, Own unincorporated business income, Superannuation income, Investment income, Other income (for example transfer or trust income; controlled foreign company income; net foreign pension and annuity income; and foreign investment and life insurance income).
Includes other permanent migrants.

Own unincorporated business income

Permanent migrants(a) aged 15-64 years earning own unincorporated business income by visa stream and arrival period, 2023-24
	Arrived Jul 2019 to Jun 2024 (%)	Arrived Jul 2014 to Jun 2019 (%)	Arrived Jan 2000 to Jun 2014 (%)	Total (%)
Skilled	14.0	15.5	12.7	13.6
Family	12.9	14.5	13.7	13.8
Humanitarian	9.2	12.8	15.8	14.1
All permanent migrants(b)	13.1	15.0	13.3	13.7

Median total income

The data in this section relates to total income. This includes personal income and government payments. For more information, refer to the Glossary.

In the 2023-24 financial year, the median income of those aged 15-64 years was:

$70,762 for permanent migrants
$64,897 for the total Australian population
highest for Skilled migrants ($83,466)
lowest for Humanitarian migrants ($43,910).

Median income was generally higher for those who had lived in Australia for longer. It was:

similar for Skilled migrants though slightly higher for those who had lived in Australia for 5 to 10 years ($84,368)
highest for Family migrants who lived in Australia for more than 10 years ($63,514)
highest for Humanitarian migrants who lived in Australia for more than 10 years ($49,761)

Permanent migrants(a) aged 15-64 years, median total income(b) by visa stream and arrival period, 2023-24
	Arrived Jul 2019 to Jun 2024 ($)	Arrived Jul 2014 to Jun 2019 ($)	Arrived Jan 2000 to Jun 2014 ($)	Total ($)
Skilled	80,417	84,368	83,783	83,466
Family	47,216	56,338	63,514	58,926
Humanitarian	29,010	40,720	49,761	43,910
All permanent migrants(c)	61,947	70,577	72,969	70,762

Permanent migrants(a) aged 15-64 years, median total income(b) by visa stream and arrival period, 2023-24

["","Arrived Jul 2019 to Jun 2024","Arrived Jul 2014 to Jun 2019","Arrived Jan 2000 to Jun 2014","Total"]

[["Skilled","Family","Humanitarian","All permanent migrants(c)"],[[80417],[47216],[29010],[61947]],[[84368],[56338],[40720],[70577]],[[83783],[63514],[49761],[72969]],[[83466],[58926],[43910],[70762]]]

[]

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[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Median income ($)","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"($)","table_units":"($)","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Includes persons whose Settlement Data date of arrival was 1st July 2000 or later.
Government payments, Employee wages and salary, Own unincorporated business income, Superannuation income, Investment income, Other income (for example transfer or trust income; controlled foreign company income; net foreign pension and annuity income; and foreign investment and life insurance income).
Includes other permanent migrants.

Receiving unemployment payments

In the 2023-24 financial year, the proportion of people aged 15-64 years who received unemployment payments was:

4.3% for permanent migrants
6.2% for the total Australian population
highest for Humanitarian migrants (21%)
lowest for Skilled migrants (1.7%).

By visa stream, proportions who received unemployment payments varied by length of time in Australia. It was:

lower for Humanitarian migrants who had lived in Australia for more than 10 years (16%) compared with those who lived in Australia for less than 5 years (41%)
higher for Skilled migrants who had lived in Australia for more than 10 years (2.4%) compared with those who lived in Australia for less than 5 years (0.1%).

Permanent migrants(a) aged 15-64 years receiving unemployment payments(b) by visa stream and arrival period, 2023-24
	Arrived Jul 2019 to Jun 2024 (%)	Arrived Jul 2014 to Jun 2019 (%)	Arrived Jan 2000 to Jun 2014 (%)	Total (%)
Skilled	0.1	0.9	2.4	1.7
Family	0.5	2.8	6.7	4.6
Humanitarian	41.3	19.4	15.9	20.6
All permanent migrants(c)	4.3	3.0	5.0	4.3

Permanent migrants(a) aged 15-64 years receiving unemployment payments(b) by visa stream and arrival period, 2023-24

["","Arrived Jul 2019 to Jun 2024","Arrived Jul 2014 to Jun 2019","Arrived Jan 2000 to Jun 2014","Total"]

[["Skilled","Family","Humanitarian","All permanent migrants(c)"],[[0.1],[0.5],[41.3],[4.3]],[[0.9],[2.8],[19.4],[3]],[[2.4],[6.7],[15.9],[5]],[[1.7],[4.6],[20.6],[4.3]]]

[]

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[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Proportion (%)","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"(%)","table_units":"(%)","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Includes persons whose Settlement Data date of arrival was 1st July 2000 or later.
Jobseeker Payment, Jobseeker Allowance and Newstart Allowance.
Includes other permanent migrants.

Socio-economic index

The following section contains data sourced from ACMID and Census.

The data in this section relates to quintiles of the Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage (IRSAD) at Statistical Area Level 1 (SA1) from the Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA). Quintiles are constructed from neighbouring deciles. For example, Quintile 1 is constructed from Decile 1 and Decile 2. Lower quintile SA1s have greater levels of disadvantage and a lack of advantage compared with higher quintile SA1s. For more information on how to interpret the presented statistics, refer to Understanding SEIFA.

In 2021, the proportion of permanent migrants living in Quintile 1 SA1s for IRSAD was 15% compared with 19% of the Australian population. By visa stream, this was:

highest for Humanitarian migrants (44%)
lowest for Skilled migrants (7.9%).

A higher proportion of permanent migrants who arrived within the last five years lived in Quintile 1 SA1s for IRSAD. This was:

19% for migrants who lived in Australia for less than 5 years
13% for migrants who lived in Australia for more than 10 years
highest for Humanitarian migrants (55%) who lived in Australia for less than 5 years.

Permanent migrants(a) in Quintile 1 areas(b) by visa stream and arrival period, 2021
	Arrived 2017-2021(c) (%)	Arrived 2012-2016 (%)	Arrived before 2012 (%)	Total (d) (%)
Skilled	8.4	7.9	7.5	7.9
Family	19.4	17.9	16.7	17.7
Humanitarian	54.5	49.9	38.3	44.4
All permanent migrants(e)	18.5	15.3	12.9	14.5

Permanent migrants(a) in Quintile 1 areas(b) by visa stream and arrival period, 2021

["","Arrived 2017-2021(c)","Arrived 2012-2016","Arrived before 2012","Total (d)"]

[["Skilled","Family","Humanitarian","All permanent migrants(e)"],[[8.4],[19.4],[54.5],[18.5]],[[7.9],[17.9],[49.9],[15.3]],[[7.5],[16.7],[38.3],[12.9]],[[7.9],[17.7],[44.4],[14.5]]]

[]

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[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Proportion (%)","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"(%)","table_units":"(%)","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Includes persons whose Settlement Data date of arrival was 1st January 2000 or later, but may have reported a Census year of arrival in Australia prior to 2000.
Refers to Quintile 1 areas of the Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage (IRSAD) at Statistical Area Level 1 (SA1) from the Socio-Economic Index for Areas (SEIFA).
Arrived 1 January 2017 to 10 August 2021 (Census Night).
Includes migrants with year of arrival not stated and not applicable.
Includes other permanent migrants.

English proficiency

The following section contains data sourced from ACMID.

In 2021, the proportion of permanent migrants who were proficient in English, that is they only spoke English or spoke English well or very well, was 89% for migrants overall. English proficiency was:

highest for Skilled migrants (96%)
lowest for Humanitarian migrants (71%).

Permanent migrants(a) English proficiency by visa stream, 2021
	Proficient (%)	Not proficient in spoken English (%)
Skilled	96.2	3.8
Family	82.4	17.6
Humanitarian	70.8	29.2
All permanent migrants(b)	89.4	10.6

Permanent migrants(a) English proficiency by visa stream, 2021

["","Proficient","Not proficient in spoken English"]

[["Skilled","Family","Humanitarian","All permanent migrants(b)"],[[96.2],[82.4],[70.8],[89.4]],[[3.8],[17.6],[29.2],[10.6]]]

[]

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[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Proportion (%)","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"(%)","table_units":"(%)","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Includes persons whose Settlement Data date of arrival was 1st January 2000 or later, but may have reported a Census year of arrival in Australia prior to 2000.
Includes other permanent migrants.

Proficiency was higher for permanent migrants who had lived in Australia for longer. It was:

82% for migrants who lived in Australia for less than 5 years
91% for migrants who lived in Australia for more than 10 years
lowest for Humanitarian migrants who lived in Australia for less than 5 years (56%).

Permanent migrants(a) proficient in English(b) by visa stream and arrival period, 2021
	Arrived 2017-2021(c) (%)	Arrived 2012-2016 (%)	Arrived before 2012 (%)	Total(d) (%)
Skilled	94.0	96.8	96.6	96.2
Family	76.2	81.3	84.8	82.4
Humanitarian	55.8	66.9	77.2	70.8
All permanent migrants(e)	82.3	88.6	91.4	89.4

Permanent migrants(a) proficient in English(b) by visa stream and arrival period, 2021

["","Arrived 2017-2021(c)","Arrived 2012-2016","Arrived before 2012","Total(d)"]

[["Skilled","Family","Humanitarian","All permanent migrants(e)"],[[94],[76.2],[55.8],[82.3]],[[96.8],[81.3],[66.9],[88.6]],[[96.6],[84.8],[77.2],[91.4]],[[96.2],[82.4],[70.8],[89.4]]]

[]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Visa stream","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Proportion (%)","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"(%)","table_units":"(%)","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Includes persons whose Settlement Data date of arrival was 1st January 2000 or later, but may have reported a Census year of arrival in Australia prior to 2000.
Speaks English only or speaks English well or very well.
Arrived 1 January 2017 to 10 August 2021 (Census Night).
Includes migrants with year of arrival not stated and not applicable.
Includes other permanent migrants.

Health

The following section contains data sourced from:

the Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) data available in PLIDA
ACMID and Census.

For more information on the MBS data included, refer to Data concepts.

Age and entry requirements

Rates of service use may vary based on age, intended field of occupation and visa eligibility criteria. More information can be found in Working in Australia and Meeting our health requirement.

The data in this release is not adjusted to account for effects of age on health data. There is a strong link between age and health outcomes, with the likelihood of health conditions generally increasing with advancing age.

Broad type of service

Broad type of service (BTOS) refers to a grouping of MBS services that relate to certain provider groups or services.

In 2024:

81% of permanent migrants attended a GP
85% of permanent migrants accessed at least one service.

Permanent migrants(a) health service use by broad type of service and visa stream, 2024
	Skilled (%)	Family (%)	Humanitarian (%)	Total(b) (%)
GP attendances	79.5	83.1	85.7	81.2
Practice nurse	2.3	3.7	4.5	2.9
Obstetrics	1.9	2.9	1.4	2.2
Specialist attendances	22.7	24.7	21.5	23.2
Optometry	32.3	29.9	24.0	30.7
Other allied health	10.4	13.0	15.0	11.7
Pathology	59.0	64.7	63.7	61.2
Diagnostic imaging	35.6	41.6	42.5	38.1
Radiotherapy(c)	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1
Operations	9.9	10.8	7.1	9.9
Anaesthetics	5.5	5.3	2.4	5.1
Other MBS services	11.1	13.8	12.8	12.1
Total	84.3	86.6	88.0	85.4

Permanent migrants(a) health service use by broad type of service and visa stream, 2024

["","Skilled","Family","Humanitarian","Total(b)"]

[["GP attendances","Practice nurse","Obstetrics","Specialist attendances","Optometry","Other allied health","Pathology","Diagnostic imaging","Radiotherapy(c)","Operations","Anaesthetics","Other MBS services","Total"],[[79.5],[2.3],[1.9],[22.7],[32.3],[10.4],[59],[35.6],[0.1],[9.9],[5.5],[11.1],[84.3]],[[83.1],[3.7],[2.9],[24.7],[29.9],[13],[64.7],[41.6],[0.2],[10.8],[5.3],[13.8],[86.6]],[[85.7],[4.5],[1.4],[21.5],[24],[15],[63.7],[42.5],[0.1],[7.1],[2.4],[12.8],[88]],[[81.2],[2.9],[2.2],[23.2],[30.7],[11.7],[61.2],[38.1],[0.1],[9.9],[5.1],[12.1],[85.4]]]

[]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Proportion (%)","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"(%)","table_units":"(%)","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Includes persons whose Settlement Data date of arrival was 1st January 2000 or later.
Includes other permanent migrants.
Includes therapeutic nuclear medicine.

By visa stream, GP attendance in 2024 was:

80% for Skilled migrants
83% for Family migrants
86% for Humanitarian migrants.

Permanent migrants(a) GP attendances by visa stream and arrival period, 2024
	Arrived 2020-2024 (%)	Arrived 2015-2019 (%)	2000-2014 (%)	Total (%)
Skilled	63.0	78.1	83.8	79.5
Family	72.0	82.9	85.9	83.1
Humanitarian	87.3	85.0	85.5	85.7

Permanent migrants(a) GP attendances by visa stream and arrival period, 2024

["","Arrived 2020-2024","Arrived 2015-2019","2000-2014","Total"]

[["Skilled","Family","Humanitarian"],[[63],[72],[87.3]],[[78.1],[82.9],[85]],[[83.8],[85.9],[85.5]],[[79.5],[83.1],[85.7]]]

[]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Visa stream","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Proportion (%)","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"(%)","table_units":"(%)","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Includes persons whose Settlement Data date of arrival was 1st January 2000 or later.

Mental health treatment plans

This section only includes data on Medicare-subsidised GP mental health treatment plans. It does not include data on the overall use of mental health services nor the prevalence of mental health conditions. Note that Humanitarian migrants may access mental health care through various other pathways including specialist trauma-informed care through the Program of Assistance for Survivors of Torture and Trauma (PASTT).

The proportion who received GP mental health treatment plans in 2024 was:

3.8% for permanent migrants overall (133,920 people)
3.5% for Skilled migrants (74,140 people)
4.2% for Family migrants (44,820 people)
4.3% for Humanitarian migrants (14,890 people)
4.8% for the total Australian population (1,306,830 people).

Proportions receiving GP mental health treatment plans were:

highest for Humanitarian migrants who lived in Australia for more than 10 years (4.6%)
lowest for Skilled migrants who lived in Australia for less than 5 years (2.0%).

Permanent migrants(a) GP mental health treatment plans by visa stream and arrival period, 2024
	Arrived 2020-2024 (%)	Arrived 2015-2019 (%)	Arrived 2000-2014 (%)	Total (%)
Skilled	2.0	3.1	4.0	3.5
Family	3.3	4.3	4.3	4.2
Humanitarian	3.6	4.1	4.6	4.3
All permanent migrants(b)	2.6	3.6	4.2	3.8

Permanent migrants(a) GP mental health treatment plans by visa stream and arrival period, 2024

["","Arrived 2020-2024","Arrived 2015-2019","Arrived 2000-2014","Total"]

[["Skilled","Family","Humanitarian","All permanent migrants(b)"],[[2],[3.3],[3.6],[2.6]],[[3.1],[4.3],[4.1],[3.6]],[[4],[4.3],[4.6],[4.2]],[[3.5],[4.2],[4.3],[3.8]]]

[]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Visa stream","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"","table_units":"","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Proportion (%)","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"(%)","table_units":"(%)","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Includes persons whose Settlement Data date of arrival was 1st January 2000 or later.
Includes other permanent migrants.

Non-hospital specialist consultations

Non-hospital specialist consultations – 5 most widely accessed by number of services in 2024
Rank	Skilled	Services	Family	Services	Humanitarian	Services
1	Obstetrics & gynaecology	170,000	Obstetrics & gynaecology	105,610	Cardiology	18,280
2	CP Psychiatry	104,730	Ophthalmology	54,240	Obstetrics & gynaecology	17,770
3	Ophthalmology	81,670	Cardiology	51,100	Ophthalmology	15,630
4	Dermatology	80,260	CP Psychiatry	49,710	CP Psychiatry -	15,500
5	Cardiology	73,330	Gastroenterology	47,000	Gastroenterology	12,740

Type of long-term health condition

In 2021, the proportion of permanent migrants who reported one or more long-term health conditions was 18%. This was:

highest for Humanitarian migrants (22% or 61,670 people)
lowest for Skilled migrants (16% or 279,660 people).

The proportion with one or more long-term health conditions was higher for permanent migrants who lived in Australia for longer, in keeping with the strong link between age and incidence of long-term health conditions. The proportions were:

12% for migrants who lived in Australia for less than 5 years (46,420 people)
21% for migrants who lived in Australia for more than 10 years (363,790 people).

The most commonly reported long-term health condition among permanent migrants was asthma (4%), whereas mental health condition (9%) was the most common for the total population of Australia. By visa stream, the most commonly reported conditions were:

asthma for Skilled migrants (3.8% or 67,530 people)
mental health condition for Family migrants (4.2% or 40,650 people)
diabetes for Humanitarian migrants (5.7% or 16,130 people).

Permanent migrants(a) with long-term health condition(s) by visa stream and arrival period, 2021
	Arrived 2017-2021(b) (%)	Arrived 2012-2016 (%)	Arrived before 2012 (%)	Total(c) (%)
Skilled	9.0	12.1	19.2	15.9
Family	13.2	16.4	24.1	20.1
Humanitarian	19.0	20.5	23.9	21.7
All permanent migrants(d)	11.9	14.4	21.1	17.8

Permanent migrants(a) with long-term health condition(s) by visa stream and arrival period, 2021

["","Arrived 2017-2021(b)","Arrived 2012-2016","Arrived before 2012","Total(c)"]

[["Skilled","Family","Humanitarian","All permanent migrants(d)"],[[9],[13.2],[19],[11.9]],[[12.1],[16.4],[20.5],[14.4]],[[19.2],[24.1],[23.9],[21.1]],[[15.9],[20.1],[21.7],[17.8]]]

[]

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[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Proportion (%)","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"(%)","table_units":"(%)","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Includes persons whose Settlement Data date of arrival was 1st January 2000 or later, but may have reported a Census year of arrival in Australia prior to 2000.
Arrived 1 January 2017 to 10 August 2021 (Census Night).
Includes migrants with year of arrival not stated and not applicable.
Includes other permanent migrants.

Housing

The following section contains data sourced from ACMID and Census. The data relates to people in occupied private dwellings, excluding visitor only and non-classifiable households.

Housing tenure

In 2021, the proportion of permanent migrants who owned their home with a mortgage or outright was 62%, compared with 69% for the total population of Australia. Home ownership was:

highest for Skilled migrants (65%)
lowest for Humanitarian migrants (38%).

Home ownership was higher for permanent migrants who had lived in Australia for longer. The proportions were:

38% for migrants who lived in Australia for less than 5 years
71% for migrants who lived in Australia for more than 10 years.

Home ownership(a) of permanent migrants(b) by visa stream and arrival period, 2021
	Arrived 2017-2021(c) (%)	Arrived 2012-2016 (%)	Arrived before 2012 (%)	Total(d) (%)
Skilled	35.9	57.6	74.2	65.3
Family	51.0	59.5	68.7	63.2
Humanitarian	10.0	30.1	50.9	37.5
All permanent migrants(e)	38.3	55.6	70.6	62.0

Home ownership(a) of permanent migrants(b) by visa stream and arrival period, 2021

["","Arrived 2017-2021(c)","Arrived 2012-2016","Arrived before 2012","Total(d)"]

[["Skilled","Family","Humanitarian","All permanent migrants(e)"],[[35.9],[51],[10],[38.3]],[[57.6],[59.5],[30.1],[55.6]],[[74.2],[68.7],[50.9],[70.6]],[[65.3],[63.2],[37.5],[62]]]

[]

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[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Proportion (%)","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"(%)","table_units":"(%)","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"-1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Owned outright, owned with a mortgage, or purchased under a shared equity scheme.
Includes persons whose Settlement Data date of arrival was 1st January 2000 or later, but may have reported a Census year of arrival in Australia prior to 2000.
Arrived 1 January 2017 to 10 August 2021 (Census Night).
Includes migrants with year of arrival not stated and not applicable.
Includes other permanent migrants.

Housing affordability

One way of examining housing affordability is to look at households whose spending on housing is likely to impact on their ability to afford other living costs such as food, clothing, transport and utilities. A common threshold applied is the proportion of households spending greater than 30% of their income on housing costs. For more information on housing affordability, refer to Rent affordability indicator or Mortgage affordability indicator.

Rent affordability

In 2021, the proportion of permanent migrants in rented housing who spent more than 30% of their household income on rent was 28%, compared with 30% of all renters in Australia. This was:

highest for Humanitarian migrants (46%)
lowest for Skilled migrants (19%).

Overall, a slightly higher proportion of permanent migrants who lived in Australia for more than 10 years were paying more than 30% of their household income on rent. The proportions were:

27% for migrants who lived in Australia for less than 5 years
30% for migrants who lived in Australia for more than 10 years.

However, for Humanitarian migrants a lower proportion of permanent migrants who lived in Australia for more than 10 years were paying more than 30% of their household income on rent. The proportions were:

55% for Humanitarian migrants who lived in Australia for less than 5 years
40% for Humanitarian migrants who lived in Australia for more than 10 years.

Permanent migrants(a) with rent more than 30% of household income(b) by visa stream and arrival period, 2021
	Arrived 2017-2021(c) (%)	Arrived 2012-2016 (%)	Arrived before 2012 (%)	Total (d) (%)
Skilled	15.4	15.2	22.8	19.1
Family	29.1	31.5	37.5	34.0
Humanitarian	55.5	45.9	39.8	46.3
All permanent migrants(e)	27.0	24.8	29.9	27.7

Permanent migrants(a) with rent more than 30% of household income(b) by visa stream and arrival period, 2021

["","Arrived 2017-2021(c)","Arrived 2012-2016","Arrived before 2012","Total (d)"]

[["Skilled","Family","Humanitarian","All permanent migrants(e)"],[[15.4],[29.1],[55.5],[27]],[[15.2],[31.5],[45.9],[24.8]],[[22.8],[37.5],[39.8],[29.9]],[[19.1],[34],[46.3],[27.7]]]

[]

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[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Proportion (%)","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"(%)","table_units":"(%)","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Includes persons whose Settlement Data date of arrival was 1st January 2000 or later, but may have reported a Census year of arrival in Australia prior to 2000, and who lived in rented dwellings.
As defined by the Census variable Rent affordability indicator (RAID).
Arrived 1 January 2017 to 10 August 2021 (Census Night).
Includes migrants with year of arrival not stated and not applicable.
Includes other permanent migrants.

Mortgage affordability

In 2021, the proportion of permanent migrant homeowners with a mortgage who paid more than 30% of their household income on mortgage repayments for their dwelling was 21%, compared with 14% of people in Australia who owned their home with a mortgage. This was:

highest for Humanitarian migrants (33%)
lowest for Skilled migrants (18%)
similar regardless of time since migrants arrived in Australia.

Permanent migrants(a) with mortgage repayments more than 30% of household income(b) by visa stream and arrival period, 2021
	Arrived 2017-2021(c) (%)	Arrived 2012-2016 (%)	Arrived before 2012 (%)	Total(d) (%)
Skilled	15.9	16.3	18.0	17.7
Family	24.5	24.8	23.6	24.1
Humanitarian	31.4	34.8	31.6	32.5
All permanent migrants(e)	20.6	20.0	20.4	20.5

Permanent migrants(a) with mortgage repayments more than 30% of household income(b) by visa stream and arrival period, 2021

["","Arrived 2017-2021(c)","Arrived 2012-2016","Arrived before 2012","Total(d)"]

[["Skilled","Family","Humanitarian","All permanent migrants(e)"],[[15.9],[24.5],[31.4],[20.6]],[[16.3],[24.8],[34.8],[20]],[[18],[23.6],[31.6],[20.4]],[[17.7],[24.1],[32.5],[20.5]]]

[]

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[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Proportion (%)","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"(%)","table_units":"(%)","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Includes persons whose Settlement Data date of arrival was 1st January 2000 or later, but may have reported a Census year of arrival in Australia prior to 2000, and who lived in dwellings owned with a mortgage or purchased under a shared equity scheme.
As defined by the Census variable Mortgage affordability indicator (MAID).
Arrived 1 January 2017 to 10 August 2021 (Census Night).
Includes migrants with year of arrival not stated and not applicable.
Includes other permanent migrants.

Housing suitability

This section presents data on people in dwellings where one or more extra bedrooms are needed to accommodate the people who usually live there, as defined by the Census variable Housing suitability (HOSD), based on the Canadian National Occupancy Standard (CNOS). However, CNOS does not take into consideration that for many cultures, living in multi‑generational extended families is a cultural norm.

In 2021, the proportion of permanent migrants who lived in dwellings that required one or more extra bedrooms was higher for migrants (11%) than the total population of Australia (6.8%). This was:

highest for Humanitarian migrants (34%)
lowest for Skilled migrants (7.6%).

The proportions of permanent migrants living in dwellings that required one or more extra bedrooms were lower for those who had who lived in Australia for longer. It was:

highest for migrants who lived in Australia for less than 5 years (17%)
lowest for migrants who lived in Australia for more than 10 years (8.9%).

Permanent migrants(a) in dwellings that required one or more extra bedrooms(b), by visa stream and arrival period, 2021
	Arrived 2017-2021(c) (%)	Arrived 2012-2016 (%)	Arrived before 2012 (%)	Total(d) (%)
Skilled	11.6	8.3	6.1	7.6
Family	13.7	11.1	9.3	10.6
Humanitarian	43.9	39.1	27.6	33.7
All permanent migrants(e)	16.6	12.2	8.9	11.0

Permanent migrants(a) in dwellings that required one or more extra bedrooms(b), by visa stream and arrival period, 2021

["","Arrived 2017-2021(c)","Arrived 2012-2016","Arrived before 2012","Total(d)"]

[["Skilled","Family","Humanitarian","All permanent migrants(e)"],[[11.6],[13.7],[43.9],[16.6]],[[8.3],[11.1],[39.1],[12.2]],[[6.1],[9.3],[27.6],[8.9]],[[7.6],[10.6],[33.7],[11]]]

[]

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[{"value":"0","axis_id":"0","axis_title":"Proportion (%)","axis_units":"","tooltip_units":"(%)","table_units":"(%)","axis_min":null,"axis_max":null,"tick_interval":null,"precision":"1","data_unit_prefix":"","data_unit_suffix":"","reverse_axis":false}]

Includes persons whose Settlement Data date of arrival was 1st January 2000 or later, but may have reported a Census year of arrival in Australia prior to 2000.
Housing that required one or more extra bedrooms to accommodate the people who usually lived there, as defined by the Census variable Housing suitability (HOSD), based on the Canadian National Occupancy Standard (CNOS).
Arrived 1 January 2017 to 10 August 2021 (Census Night).
Includes migrants with year of arrival not stated and not applicable.
Includes other permanent migrants.

Data download