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Measuring What Matters themes and indicators
Sustainable

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Themes and indicators

Overall life satisfaction
Healthy
Secure
Sustainable
Cohesive
Prosperous

Sustainable

Release date and time

15/09/2025 11:30am AEST

A society that sustainably uses natural and financial resources, protects and repairs the environment and builds resilience to combat challenges.

Protect, repair and manage the environment

Emissions reduction

Net greenhouse gas emissions (MtCO2-e)

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Year,Net greenhouse gas emissions (MtCO2-e)
2005,631.1
2006,639.7
2007,625.7
2008,620
2009,612.8
2010,602.3
2011,574.6
2012,560.1
2013,553.4
2014,542.5
2015,519.2
2016,514.1
2017,524.7
2018,503.4
2019,489.3
2020,453.2
2021,441.9
2022,447.2
2023,446.2
2024,446.4

Line graph showing a steady decrease from around 630 in 2005 to 446 in 2024

Air quality

Click to access data

Protected areas

Land and water areas dedicated to long-term conservation

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Period,Land,Water
2004,10.5,
2006,11.6,
2008,12.8,10
2010,13.4,10.2
2012,15.5,36.4
2014,17.9,36.4
2016,19.6,36.4
2018,19.7,36.7
2020,19.8,36.7
2022,22.1,45
2024,22.6,48.9

Line graph showing a steady increase from 11% in 2004 to 23% in 2024 for land, and a stepped increase from 10% in 2008 and 2010 to 36% from 2012 to 2020, increasing again to 49% in 2024 for water

Biological diversity

Relative abundance of Australia's threatened and near-threatened species (index)

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Year,All
1985,1
1986,1.04
1987,1.02
1988,0.95
1989,0.9
1990,0.87
1991,0.76
1992,0.76
1993,0.74
1994,0.71
1995,0.72
1996,0.65
1997,0.66
1998,0.67
1999,0.65
2000,0.63
2001,0.57
2002,0.52
2003,0.5
2004,0.47
2005,0.46
2006,0.43
2007,0.42
2008,0.4
2009,0.4
2010,0.39
2011,0.37
2012,0.35
2013,0.34
2014,0.31
2015,0.31
2016,0.3
2017,0.27
2018,0.27
2019,0.26
2020,0.26
2021,0.27

Line graph showing a steady decrease from 1 in 1985 to 0.27 in 2021

Circular economy

Efficiency in which resources are reused and recycled (circularity rate)

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Period,Circularity rate,
2010,3.70
2011,3.97
2012,4.08
2013,4.11
2014,3.98
2015,4.02
2016,4.35
2017,3.93
2018,4.18
2019,4.42
2020,4.45
2021,4.33
2022,4.26
2023,4.27
2024,4.29

Line graph showing a slight overall increase from 3.7% in 2010 to 4.3% in 2024

Resilient and sustainable nation

Fiscal sustainability

All Australia general government sector net debt as % of GDP

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Year,Data
2013-14,17.6
2014-15,20.6
2015-16,23.5
2016-17,23
2017-18,23.7
2018-19,24.5
2019-20,32
2020-21,37.8
2021-22,33.4
2022-23,30.5
2023-24,31.7

Line graph showing an increase from around 18% in 2013-14 to a peak of 38% in 2020-21 before decreasing to 32% in 2023-24

Economic resilience

Australia's ranking on the Economic Complexity Index out of 145 countries

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Line graph showing an overall decreasing trend from a peak of 64th in 2003 to a low of 105th in 2023 with year on year variations

Climate resilience

People living in areas with low, moderate or high capacity for disaster resilience

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Title,2024
Low,23
Moderate,52
High,25

Column graph showing 23% for Low, 52% for Moderate, and 25% for High capacity for disaster resilience areas in 2024