In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this minor group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

• receiving written information in the form of briefs and verbal instructions concerning legal cases
• researching statutes and previous court decisions relevant to cases
• providing advice and written opinions on points of law
• interviewing clients, and recommending and undertaking appropriate legal action
• preparing cases for court by conducting investigations, undertaking research, arranging witnesses, and giving notice of court actions
• representing clients in court, outlining the facts to the court, calling and questioning witnesses, and making addresses to the court to argue a client's case
• presiding over judicial proceedings and pronouncing judgments in courts of law
• acting individually and as members of administrative and industrial tribunals to resolve disputes

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

Registration or licensing is required.

• receiving written information in the form of briefs and verbal instructions concerning cases from Solicitors, other specialist Legal Professionals and clients
• providing advice and written opinions on points of law
• conferring with clients and witnesses in preparation for court proceedings
• drawing up pleadings, affidavits and other court documents
• researching statutes and previous court decisions relevant to cases
• outlining the facts to the court, calling and questioning witnesses, and making addresses to the court to argue a client's case
• providing opinion on complex legal issues
• may draw up or settle documents

• 271111 Barrister

Pleads cases before civil, criminal and industrial courts and other tribunals. Registration or licensing is required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Queen's Counsel
• Senior Counsel

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification and at least five years of relevant experience. Judges require appointment by the government or crown and must have been a Magistrate or an experienced legal practitioner of at least seven years standing. Magistrates must have been a legal practitioner of at least five years standing (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

Registration or licensing may be required.

• researching statutes and previous court decisions relevant to cases
• conducting trials and hearings
• calling and questioning witnesses
• hearing and evaluating arguments and evidence in civil and criminal summary matters
• deciding penalties and sentences within statutory limits, such as fines, bonds and detention, awarding damages in civil matters, and issuing court orders
• exercising arbitral powers if resolution is not achieved or seems improbable through conciliation
• preparing settlement memoranda and obtaining signatures of parties
• advising government of legal, constitutional and parliamentary matters and drafting bills and attending committee meetings during consideration of bills
• preparing advice on matters associated with intellectual property rights
• advising clients and agents on legal and technical matters

• 271211 Judge
• 271212 Magistrate
• 271213 Tribunal Member
• 271214 Intellectual Property Lawyer
• 271299 Judicial and Other Legal Professionals nec

Presides over civil and criminal proceedings in a court of law.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• District Court Judge
• Family Court Justice
• High Court Justice
• Supreme Court Judge
• Youth Court Judge (NZ)

Alternative Title:

• Chamber Magistrate

Hears criminal matters to determine whether defendants will be committed for trial and adjudicates minor criminal offences without a jury.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Children's Court Magistrate
• Industrial Court Magistrate
• Licensing Court Magistrate

Hears industrial, administrative or other disputes to assist in resolving differences and to arbitrate on issues.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Administrative Appeals Tribunal Member
• Industrial Relations Commissioner
• Waitangi Tribunal Member (NZ)

Provides legal advice, prepares and drafts legal documents, and conducts negotiations on behalf of clients on matters associated with protecting intellectual capital, utilising patent law, copyright law and licensing. Registration or licensing is required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Patent Attorney
• Trade Mark Attorney

This occupation group covers Judicial and Other Legal Professionals not elsewhere classified. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Occupations in this group include:

• Family Court Registrar
• Family Law Mediator
• Judicial Registrar
• Legal Officer
• Legal Researcher
• Parliamentary Counsel

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

Registration or licensing is required.

• interviewing clients to determine the nature of problems, and recommending and undertaking appropriate legal action
• preparing cases for court by conducting investigations, undertaking research, arranging witness preparation and attendance, and giving notice of court actions
• representing clients in court
• managing conveyancing and other property matters by preparing contracts of sale, mortgage documents, lease documents and other documents relating to the transfer of land and buildings
• preparing and critically reviewing contracts between parties
• preparing wills
• providing advice on family law, company law, partnerships, commercial law and trusts
• may act as trustee or guardian
• may act as executor of clients' wills

• 271311 Solicitor

Provides legal advice, prepares and drafts legal documents, and conducts negotiations on behalf of clients on matters associated with the law. Registration or licensing is required.

Skill Level: 1

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this minor group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. At least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

• assessing resources for health, welfare, recreation, housing, employment and other community services
• providing support while exploring alternatives with clients who experience difficulties such as marital problems, unemployment, illness and drug abuse
• consulting with clients to develop rehabilitation plans taking account of vocational, social, medical and psychological needs
• assisting clients with employment placement and matters relating to education and training
• developing, administering and evaluating individual and group treatment programs
• preparing and conducting services of public worship and acknowledgments of faith, and performing marriages, funerals and special memorial services according to tradition and ecclesiastical and civil law
• undertaking historical and cultural research into human activity, and preparing reports of research findings

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

• working with clients on career, study and employment options by obtaining and examining information relevant to their abilities and needs
• providing information and resources to assist clients with job-seeking skills
• assessing client needs in relation to treatment for drug and alcohol abuse
• conducting counselling interviews with individuals, couples and family groups
• assisting the understanding and adjustment of attitudes, expectations and behaviour to develop more effective interpersonal and marital relationships
• presenting alternative approaches and discussing potential for attitude and behaviour change
• consulting with clients to develop rehabilitation plans taking account of vocational and social needs
• contributing information, understanding and advice on the learning and behaviour of students, especially those with special needs, and assisting parents and teachers in dealing with these needs
• may work in a call centre

• 272111 Careers Counsellor
• 272112 Drug and Alcohol Counsellor
• 272113 Family and Marriage Counsellor
• 272114 Rehabilitation Counsellor
• 272115 Student Counsellor
• 272199 Counsellors nec

Alternative Title:

• Careers Adviser

Provides individuals and groups with information about career choices and assists individuals with self-development.

Skill Level: 1

Provides support and treatment for people with drug and alcohol dependency problems, develops strategies which assist them to set goals and affect and maintain change, and provides community education. May work in a call centre.

Skill Level: 1

Assists individuals, couples and families with marriage and relationship difficulties. May work in a call centre.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Family Court Counsellor

Assists physically, mentally and socially disadvantaged people to reintegrate into work and the community.

Skill Level: 1

Alternative Title:

• School Counsellor

Provides information and assistance to students, parents and teachers about a wide range of matters such as students' personal problems, learning difficulties and special requirements.

Skill Level: 1

This occupation group covers Counsellors not elsewhere classified. Occupations in this group may work in a call centre.

Skill Level: 1

Occupations in this group include:

• Gambling Counsellor
• Grief Counsellor
• Life Coach
• Sexual Assault Counsellor / Sexual Abuse Counsellor
• Trauma Counsellor

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. The occupation in this unit group requires high levels of personal commitment and interest as well as, or in place of, formal qualifications or experience (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

Registration or licensing may be required.

• preparing and conducting services of public worship and acknowledgments of faith
• preparing and delivering sermons, homilies and special talks, and planning music for services
• participating in the social and welfare activities of communities, encouraging people to be aware of their responsibilities, and organising participation in community projects
• conducting classes of religious instruction, and supervising prayer and discussion groups, retreats and seminars
• conducting premarital and family counselling and referring people to professional service agencies where necessary
• performing marriages, funerals and special memorial services according to tradition and ecclesiastical and civil law
• visiting members of the community in their homes, hospitals and other institutions to provide advice and religious comfort
• keeping records as required by the church and civil law

• 272211 Minister of Religion

Performs spiritual functions associated with beliefs and practices of a religious faith, and provides motivation, guidance and training in religious life for the people of a congregation or parish, and the wider community. This occupation requires high levels of personal commitment and interest as well as, or in place of, formal qualifications or experience. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Aboriginal Ceremonial Celebrant
• Chaplain
• Imam
• Monk
• Priest
• Rabbi
• Salvation Army Officer

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

Registration or licensing may be required.

• collecting data about clients and assessing their cognitive, behavioural and emotional disorders
• administering and interpreting diagnostic tests and formulating plans for treatment
• developing, administering and evaluating individual and group treatment programs
• consulting with other professionals on details of cases and treatment plans
• conducting research studies of motivation in learning, group performance and individual differences in mental abilities and educational performance
• collecting data and analysing characteristics of students and recommending educational programs
• formulating achievement, diagnostic and predictive tests for use by teachers in planning methods and content of instruction
• developing interview techniques, psychological tests and other aids in workplace selection, placement, appraisal and promotion
• conducting surveys and research studies on job design, work groups, morale, motivation, supervision and management
• performing job analyses and establishing job requirements by observing and interviewing employees and managers

• 272311 Clinical Psychologist
• 272312 Educational Psychologist
• 272313 Organisational Psychologist
• 272314 Psychotherapist
• 272399 Psychologists nec

Consults with individuals and groups, assesses psychological disorders and administers programs of treatment. Registration or licensing is required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Forensic Psychologist
• Health Psychologist
• Neuropsychologist

Investigates learning and teaching, and develops psychological techniques to foster the development and skills of individuals and groups in educational settings. Registration or licensing is required.

Skill Level: 1

Alternative Titles:

• Industrial Psychologist
• Occupational Psychologist

Applies psychological principles and techniques to study occupational behaviour, working conditions and organisational structure, and solve problems of work performance and organisational design. Registration or licensing is required.

Skill Level: 1

Provides diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders using psychotherapeutic methods such as behavioural therapy, biofeedback, relaxation therapy and other techniques.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Art Psychotherapist or Therapist

This occupation group covers Psychologists not elsewhere classified. Registration or licensing is required.

Skill Level: 1

Occupations in this group include:

• Counselling Psychologist
• Sport Psychologist

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

• assembling historical data by consulting sources of information such as historical indexes and catalogues, archives, court records, diaries, newspaper files and other materials
• organising, authenticating, evaluating and interpreting historical, political, sociological, archaeological, anthropological and linguistic data
• undertaking historical and cultural research into human activity, and preparing and presenting research findings
• providing simultaneous and consecutive verbal or signed renditions of speeches into another language
• rendering the meaning and feeling of what is said and signed into another language in the appropriate register and style in a range of settings such as courts, hospitals, schools, workplaces and conferences
• studying original texts and transcripts of recorded spoken material to comprehend subject matter and translating them into another language
• rendering the meaning and feeling of written material, such as literary, legal, technical and scientific texts, into another language in the appropriate register and style, so that it will read as an original piece rather than as a translation

• 272411 Historian
• 272412 Interpreter
• 272413 Translator
• 272414 Archaeologist
• 272499 Social Professionals nec

Researches the history of human activity and prepares accounts of findings.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Art Historian
• Cultural Historian
• Economic Historian
• Geographical Historian

Transfers a spoken or signed language into another spoken or signed language, usually within a limited time frame in the presence of the participants requiring the translation.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Kai Whakaruruhau (Advisor) (NZ)

Transfers a source text from one language into another, usually within an extended time frame to allow for corrections and modifications and without the presence of the participants requiring the translation.

Skill Level: 1

Studies human activity in the past, primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material culture and environmental data left behind, which includes artifacts, architecture, biofacts and cultural landscapes (the archaeological record).

Skill Level: 1

This occupation group covers Social Professionals not elsewhere classified.

Skill Level: 1

Occupations in this group include:

• Anthropologist
• Criminologist
• Geographer
• Heritage Consultant
• Linguist
• Parole Board Member
• Political Scientist
• Sociologist
• Transport Analyst

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

Registration or licensing may be required.

• acting as a facilitator between clients in need and community services
• assessing resources for health, welfare, recreation, housing, employment and other community services
• providing leadership and assistance for the implementation of pilot projects in community development and self-help, and planning and implementing research projects to address client needs, organisation goals and social policy
• cooperating with community organisations, social agencies and voluntary groups to improve services and develop new services
• conducting individual and family case interviews to identify the nature and extent of clients' problems
• assisting clients to understand and resolve problems by providing information, acting as a mediator and referring them to community and self-help agencies
• analysing, developing, promoting and implementing social policies through the use of practice experience, research, analytic frameworks, and negotiation skills to respond to social need through a fair, equitable and effective allocation of social resources
• monitoring the progress of clients by maintaining contact
• compiling case records and reports

• 272511 Social Worker

Assesses the social needs of individuals, families and groups, assists and empowers people to develop and use the skills and resources needed to resolve social and other problems, and furthers human wellbeing and human rights, social justice and social development. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Whanau Support Worker (Family Support Worker) (NZ)

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. At least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

• researching and analysing community issues, needs and problems
• developing, evaluating and maintaining community resources and programs
• evaluating data and writing reports such as submissions requesting funding for continuing programs and new projects
• identifying issues of local need, concerns and aspirations through community consultation
• organising local sporting, cultural and recreational events and activities such as community functions, hobby classes, community arts projects and sporting competitions
• providing support while exploring alternatives with clients who experience difficulties such as marital problems, unemployment, illness and drug abuse
• assessing risks and providing intensive short-term crisis counselling for victims of domestic violence, child abuse, disasters and other crises
• assisting to establish and administer neighbourhood houses, community groups, employment training programs and other services

• 272611 Community Arts Worker
• 272612 Recreation Officer / Recreation Coordinator
• 272613 Welfare Worker

Alternative Titles:

• Community Artist
• Community Arts Officer

Identifies issues of local need, concerns and aspirations through community consultation, and designs and implements strategies to facilitate and encourage community arts projects and happenings, and promote the value of community cultural development.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Community Cultural Development Officer

Alternative Title:

• Recreation Adviser

Plans, organises and coordinates recreation facilities and programs through organisations such as local governments, schools, church bodies and youth organisations.

Skill Level: 1

Alternative Title:

• Welfare Case Worker

Assists individuals, families and groups with social, emotional or financial difficulties to improve quality of life, by educating and supporting them and working towards change in their social environment.

Skill Level: 1