In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

• collecting and analysing data and samples of produce, feed, soil, water quality and other factors affecting stock and production
• advising Farmers and Farm Managers on techniques for improving production, and alternative options
• advising farmers on issues such as livestock and crop disease, control of pests and weeds, soil improvement, animal husbandry and nutrition and feeding programs
• studying environmental and other factors affecting commercial crop production, pasture growth, animal breeding, fisheries, and forests and forest trees
• studying the effects of cultivation techniques, soils, insects and diseases on production
• developing procedures and techniques for solving problems and improving the efficiency of production
• managing forest and aquatic resources to maximise their long-term commercial, recreational and environmental benefits for the community
• studying the propagation and culture of forest trees, methods for improving the growth of stock and the effects of thinning on forest yields
• preparing plans for reafforestation and devising efficient harvesting systems
• investigating, planning and implementing management procedures to cope with the effects of fires, floods, droughts, soil erosion, insect pests and diseases

• 234111 Agricultural Consultant
• 234113 Forester / Forest Scientist
• 234114 Agricultural Research Scientist
• 234115 Agronomist
• 234116 Aquaculture or Fisheries Scientist

Alternative Title:

• Agricultural Adviser

Advises farmers, agricultural businesses, rural industries and government on the production, processing and distribution of farm products.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Agricultural Extension Officer
• Landcare Officer

Studies, develops and manages forest areas to maintain commercial and recreational uses, conserve flora and fauna, and protect against fire, pests and diseases.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Forestry Adviser
• Forestry Consultant

Alternative Title:

• Agricultural Scientist

Researches and studies commercial plants, animals, and cultivation techniques to enhance the productivity of farms and agricultural industries.

Aquaculture or Fisheries Scientists are excluded from this occupation. Aquaculture or Fisheries Scientists are included in Occupation 234116 Aquaculture or Fisheries Scientist.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Research Agronomist

Provides advice on quality, production and management of crops and livestock by assessing growing conditions and environmental factors and examining crops and livestock.

Research Agronomists are excluded from this occupation. Research Agronomists are included in Occupation 234114 Agricultural Research Scientist.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Animal Nutritionist
• Sales Agronomist

Alternative Title:

• Aquaculture or Fisheries Research Scientist

Studies commercial marine and aquatic plants, animals, ecosystems, and aquaculture techniques to assess stock and enhance the productivity of aquatic wild harvest and aquaculture and developing better ways of harvesting fish and plants.

Marine Biologists are excluded from this occupation. Marine Biologists are included in Occupation 234516 Marine Biologist.

Skill Level: 1

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification. In the case of Wine Makers, at least five years of experience may substitute for the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

• conducting experiments and tests to identify the chemical composition and reactive properties of natural substances and processed materials
• analysing and conducting research to develop theories, techniques and processes, and testing the reliability of outcomes under different conditions
• developing practical applications of experimental and research findings
• testing food products for flavour, colour, taste, texture and nutritional content
• advising on preserving, processing, packaging, storing and delivering foods
• developing quality control procedures and safety standards for the manufacture of food products
• examining grape samples to assess ripeness, sugar and acid content, and determining suitability for processing
• coordinating winemaking processes, directing workers in testing and crushing grapes, fermenting juices, and fortifying, clarifying, maturing and finishing wines
• blending wines according to formulae and knowledge of winemaking techniques

• 234211 Chemist
• 234212 Food Technologist
• 234213 Wine Maker

Studies the chemical and physical properties of substances, and develops and monitors chemical processes and production.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Analytical Chemist
• Industrial Chemist

Alternative Title:

• Food Scientist

Develops new and improves existing food products, and sets standards for producing, packaging and marketing food.

Skill Level: 1

Alternative Title:

• Oenologist

Plans, supervises and coordinates the production of wine or spirits from selected varieties of grapes.

Skill Level: 1

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

• evaluating habitat, wildlife and fisheries needs, and formulating short- and long-term management goals and objectives
• enforcing laws and regulations to conserve and protect fish and wildlife
• carrying out environmental impact assessments for a wide range of development projects
• proposing solutions to address negative environmental impact
• studying the effects of factors, such as terrain, altitude, climatic and environmental change, sources of nutrition, predators and the impacts of humans, on animal and plant life
• studying and analysing pollution, atmospheric conditions, demographic characteristics, ecology, mineral, soil and water samples
• developing conservation and management policies for biological resources, such as fish populations and forests, and establishing standards and developing approaches for the control of pollution and the rehabilitation of areas disturbed by activities such as mining, timber felling and overgrazing
• implementing policies and organising activities in designated parks and other areas to conserve and protect natural and cultural heritage
• participating in management planning by providing environmental information and making inventories of plants, animals and items of cultural and heritage significance

• 234311 Conservation Officer
• 234312 Environmental Consultant
• 234313 Environmental Research Scientist
• 234314 Park Ranger
• 234399 Environmental Scientists nec

Develops and implements programs and regulations for the protection of fish, wildlife and other natural resources.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Landcare Facilitator

Alternative Titles:

• Environmental Adviser
• Environmental Auditor
• Environmental Officer

Analyses and advises on policies guiding the design, implementation and modification of government or commercial environmental operations and programs.

Skill Level: 1

Alternative Title:

• Environmental Scientist

Studies and develops policies and plans for the control of factors which may produce pollution, imbalance in or degradation of the environment.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Air Pollution Analyst
• Ecologist
• Land Degradation Analyst
• Water Quality Analyst

Assists in controlling a State or national park, scenic area, historic site, nature reserve, recreation area or conservation reserve in accordance with authorised policies and priorities.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Land and Sea Ranger

This occupation group covers Environmental Scientists not elsewhere classified.

Skill Level: 1

Occupations in this group include:

• Environmental Educator
• Soil Scientist

Geographers are included in Unit Group 2724 Social Professionals.

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

• conducting preliminary surveys of mineral, petroleum and natural gas deposits with prospectors, Mining Engineers, Metallurgists, and other mineral scientists and engineers
• preparing and supervising the production of laboratory reports and scientific papers
• conducting studies of the structure, nature and formation of the earth's crust and the minerals contained in it
• studying and dating fossils and rock strata to develop knowledge of the evolution and biology of life forms, and to assess their commercial applications
• studying the effects of natural events, such as erosion, sedimentation, earthquakes and volcanic activity, on the formation of the earth's surface and sea beds
• carrying out exploration to determine the resources present by sampling, examining and analysing geological specimens, rock cores, cuttings and samples using optical, chemical, electronic and mechanical techniques
• conducting surveys of variations in the earth's gravitational and magnetic fields to determine its physical features
• investigating the propagation of seismic waves to determine the structure and stability of the earth's mantle and crust
• studying the causes of earthquakes and other stress states of the earth's crust
• performing laboratory and field studies, and aerial, ground and drill hole surveys

• 234411 Geologist
• 234412 Geophysicist
• 234413 Hydrogeologist

Studies the composition, structure and other physical attributes of the earth to increase scientific knowledge and to develop practical applications in fields such as mineral exploitation, civil engineering, environmental protection and rehabilitation of land after mining.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Marine Geologist
• Palaeontologist

Studies the composition, structure and other physical attributes of the earth, locates minerals, petroleum or ground water, and detects, monitors and forecasts seismic, magnetic, electrical, geothermal and oceanographic activity.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Oceanographer
• Seismologist

Monitors, measures, analyses and describes the earth’s surface and groundwater resources and many aspects of the water cycle, including human use of water resources.

Skill Level: 1

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

• designing and conducting experiments, making observations and measurements, researching information, analysing data, preparing or supervising the preparation of laboratory reports and scientific papers, presenting findings at scientific meetings and conferences, and supervising the work of staff
• studying the forms and structures of bodily organs and tissues by systematic observation, dissection and microscopic examination
• investigating the chemical structure and function of living cells and their isolated components, organs and tissues in humans, animals, plants, and micro-organisms
• examining micro-organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, yeast and their enzymes, and using the knowledge gained to create and develop new, and improve existing, products, materials and processes
• investigating the effects of environmental factors, such as rainfall, temperature, sunlight, soil, topography and disease, on plant growth
• planning and undertaking experiments to study, measure and understand marine animals and plants
• studying the growth and characteristics of micro-organisms, such as bacteria, algae and fungi, and the effects they have on plants, animals and humans to develop medical, veterinary, industrial, environmental and other practical applications

• investigating the impacts of insects on plants, animals and humans in relation to human health and agricultural production

• investigating the interrelationships between animals in their natural surroundings, in captivity and in laboratories

• 234511 Life Scientist (General)
• 234513 Biochemist
• 234514 Biotechnologist
• 234515 Botanist
• 234516 Marine Biologist
• 234517 Microbiologist
• 234521 Entomologist
• 234522 Zoologist
• 234599 Life Scientists nec

Alternative Title:

• Biologist (General)

Studies the origin, anatomy, physiology, reproduction and behaviour of living organisms and the ways in which they interact with the environment in which they live.

Skill Level: 1

Studies the biochemistry of living organisms and the molecular structure and function of related components.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Enzyme Chemist
• Protein Chemist

Studies the anatomy, physiology and characteristics of living organisms and isolated biological molecules, and develops new materials for applying to a range of purposes.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Cell Geneticist
• Molecular Biologist
• Molecular Geneticist

Studies the anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and ecology of plants.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Plant Pathologist
• Plant Physiologist
• Plant Taxonomist

Studies the anatomy, physiology, functions, characteristics, behaviour and environments of all forms of life living in the sea and connected water bodies.

Aquaculture or Fisheries Scientists are excluded from this occupation. Aquaculture or Fisheries Scientists are included in Occupation 234116 Aquaculture or Fisheries Scientist.

Skill Level: 1

Studies microscopic forms of life such as bacteria, viruses and protozoa.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Bacteriologist (Non-medical)

Studies the anatomy, physiology, characteristics, ecology, behaviour, environments, and impact of insects.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Entomologist (Biosecurity)
• Medical Entomologist

Studies the anatomy, physiology, characteristics, ecology, behaviour, and environments of animals.

Skill Level: 1

This occupation group covers Life Scientists not elsewhere classified.

Skill Level: 1

Occupations in this group include:

• Anatomist
• Animal Behaviourist
• Neuroscientist
• Parasitologist
• Pharmacologist (Non-clinical)
• Physiologist
• Toxicologist

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

• preparing tissue sections for microscopic examination
• examining and analysing samples to study the effects of microbial infections
• developing techniques to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and respiratory or sleep disorders
• advising Medical Practitioners on the interpretation of tests and methods used in  diagnosis and treatment
• setting up the steps and rules of medical testing
• operating and maintaining laboratory and testing equipment
• maintaining laboratory and testing quality assurance and safety standards
• preparing scientific papers and reports

• 234611 Medical Laboratory Scientist
• 234612 Respiratory Scientist

Alternative Titles:

• Hospital Scientist
• Medical Scientific Officer

Conducts medical laboratory tests to assist in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease. Registration or licensing is required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• IVF Embryologist

Conducts lung function tests to support the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory and sleep disorders, in consultation with other medical professionals.

Skill Level: 1

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

Registration or licensing is required.

• treating animals medically and surgically, and administering and prescribing drugs, analgesics, and general and local anaesthetics
• determining the presence and nature of abnormal conditions by physical examination, laboratory testing and through diagnostic imaging techniques including radiography and ultrasound
• performing surgery, dressing wounds and setting broken bones
• rendering obstetric services to animals
• participating in programs designed to prevent the occurrence and spread of animal diseases
• inoculating animals against, and testing for, infectious diseases and notifying authorities of outbreaks of infectious animal diseases
• performing autopsies to determine cause of death
• advising clients on health, nutrition and feeding, hygiene, breeding and care of animals
• may provide professional services to commercial firms producing biological and pharmaceutical products
• may specialise in the treatment of a particular animal group or in a particular specialty area such as cardiology, chiropractic, dermatology or critical care

• 234711 Veterinarian

Alternative Title:

• Veterinary Surgeon

Diagnoses, treats and prevents animal diseases, ailments and injuries. Registration or licensing is required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Veterinary Parasitologist
• Veterinary Pathologist

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification. In the case of Conservators, at least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

Registration or licensing may be required.

• 234911 Conservator
• 234912 Metallurgist
• 234913 Meteorologist
• 234914 Physicist
• 234915 Exercise Physiologist
• 234999 Natural and Physical Science Professionals nec

Plans and organises the conservation of materials and objects in libraries, archives, museums, art galleries and other institutions.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Art Conservator

Researches, develops, tests, controls and provides advice on processes used in extracting metals from their ores, and processes used for casting, alloying, heat treating or welding refined metals, alloys and other materials to produce commercial metal products or develop new alloys, techniques and processes.  Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Welding Engineer

Studies the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere to increase understanding of weather and climate, and to forecast changes in the weather and long-term climatic trends.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Climatologist
• Weather Forecaster

Studies matter, space, time, energy, forces and fields and the interrelationship between these physical phenomena to further understanding of the laws governing the behaviour of the universe, and seeks to apply these laws to solve practical problems and discover new information about the earth and the universe.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Astronomer
• Medical Physicist

Assesses, plans and implements exercise programs for preventing and managing chronic diseases and injuries, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, depression, cancer and arthritis, and assists in restoring optimal physical function, health and wellness.

Skill Level: 1

This occupation group covers Natural and Physical Science Professionals not elsewhere classified.

Skill Level: 1

Occupations in this group include:

• Materials Scientist
• Metrologist
• Polymer Scientist