Most occupations in this minor group have a level of skill commensurate with the qualifications and experience outlined below.

In Australia:

• AQF Bachelor degree or higher qualification. At least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1); or
• AQF Associate Degree, Advanced Diploma or Diploma, or at least three years of relevant experience (ANZSCO Skill Level 2)

In New Zealand:

• NZQF Bachelor degree or higher qualification. At least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1); or
• NZQF Diploma, or at least three years of relevant experience (ANZSCO Skill Level 2)

In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification.

• flying aircraft in accordance with established air traffic control and aircraft operating procedures
• controlling aircraft movements, and directing aircraft taxiing, take-offs and landings by radio
• monitoring aircraft performance and reporting on mechanical condition of aircraft
• giving in-flight instruction, supervising solo flights, accompanying students on training flights and demonstrating techniques for controlling aircraft
• directing fishing operations by using knowledge about the species sought, fishing areas, seasons and the capabilities of the vessel and crew
• controlling and directing shipping operations to ensure the safe and efficient loading and transport of cargo and passengers
• planning, controlling and coordinating the operational and maintenance requirements of a ship's propulsion and domestic plant and equipment
• examining and approving design plans of hulls and equipment such as main propulsion engines, auxiliary boilers and turbines, electrical power generating plant, refrigeration and airconditioning plant and pumping systems
• monitoring a ship's navigational situation, and supervising a ship's course and speed according to predetermined passage plan and safety

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. At least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification. Aeroplane and Helicopter Pilots require a prescribed minimum amount of flying experience in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

Registration or licensing is required.

• preparing and submitting flight plans giving consideration to factors such as weather conditions and aircraft performance
• flying aircraft in accordance with established air traffic control and aircraft operating procedures
• providing flight information for flight crews and air traffic services staff
• controlling aircraft movements, and directing aircraft taxiing, take-offs and landings by radio
• providing pre-flight briefings and aeronautical information services
• completing cockpit preparations and external inspections to determine that aircraft are acceptable for flight
• monitoring aircraft performance and reporting on mechanical condition
• giving in-flight instruction, supervising solo flights, accompanying students on training flights and demonstrating techniques for controlling aircraft

• 231111 Aeroplane Pilot
• 231112 Air Traffic Controller
• 231113 Flying Instructor
• 231114 Helicopter Pilot
• 231199 Air Transport Professionals nec

Flies aeroplanes to transport passengers, mail and freight, or provide agricultural, aerial surveillance or other aviation services. Registration or licensing is required.

Skill Level: 1

Ensures the safe and efficient movement of aircraft in controlled airspace and aerodromes by directing aircraft movements. Registration or licensing is required.

Skill Level: 1

Teaches the theory and practical skills of flying aircraft. Registration or licensing is required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Gliding Pilot Instructor
• Helicopter Pilot Instructor

Flies helicopters to transport passengers, mail or freight, or provide agricultural, aviation or aerial surveillance services. Registration or licensing is required.

Skill Level: 1

This occupation group covers Air Transport Professionals not elsewhere classified. Registration or licensing is required.

Skill Level: 1

Occupations in this group include:

• Aircraft Navigator
• Airworthiness Inspector
• Balloonist
• Flight Engineer Inspector

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with the qualifications and experience outlined below.

In Australia:

• AQF Associate Degree, Advanced Diploma or Diploma, or at least three years of relevant experience (ANZSCO Skill Level 2)

In New Zealand:

• NZQF Diploma, or at least three years of relevant experience (ANZSCO Skill Level 2)

In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification. Note: some roles within this unit group are at ANZSCO Skill Level 1.

Registration or licensing is required.

• directing fishing operations by using knowledge about the species sought, fishing areas, seasons and the capabilities of the vessel and crew
• directing crew in catching fish, molluscs and crustacea at varying depths using nets, lines, poles, pots and traps
• planning, controlling and coordinating the operational and maintenance requirements of a ship's propulsion and domestic plant and equipment
• operating plant and equipment and performing routine maintenance on ship's systems including mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, steam generating, and fire prevention and control systems
• controlling and directing shipping operations to ensure the safe and efficient loading and transport of cargo and passengers
• ensuring compliance with regulations pertaining to safety at sea and protection of the marine environment
• directing the activities of the deck crew for navigational support tasks, berthing and unberthing, maintenance, cleaning and painting of superstructures, and repair and replacement of defective deck gear and equipment
• navigating a ship by supervising the ship's course and speed according to predetermined passage plans and safety procedures
• examining and approving design plans of hulls and equipment such as main propulsion engines, auxiliary boilers and turbines, electrical power generating plant, refrigeration and airconditioning plant and pumping systems
• conducting periodic surveys throughout a ship's life to ensure standards are maintained

• 231211 Master Fisher
• 231212 Ship's Engineer
• 231213 Ship's Master
• 231214 Ship's Officer
• 231215 Marine Surveyor
• 231299 Marine Transport Professionals nec

Controls a fishing vessel and fishing operations to catch and preserve fish, crustacea and molluscs. Registration or licensing is required.

Skill Level: 2 Note: some roles within this occupation are at ANZSCO Skill Level 1.

Alternative Title:

• Marine Engineer

Controls and manages the operation and maintenance of a ship's plant and equipment. Registration or licensing is required.

Skill Level: 2 Note: some roles within this occupation are at ANZSCO Skill Level 1.

Specialisations:

• Mechanical Engineering Officer (Navy)
• Weapons Electrical Engineering Officer (Navy)

Alternative Title:

• Ship's Captain

Controls and manages the operations of a ship or boat. Registration or licensing is required.

Skill Level: 2 Note: some roles within this occupation are at ANZSCO Skill Level 1.

Specialisations:

• Dredge Master
• Ship's Pilot
• Tug Master

Alternative Title:

• Deck Officer

Navigates and controls the safe operation of a ship and supervises and coordinates the activities of deck crew. Registration or licensing is required.

Skill Level: 2 Note: some roles within this occupation are at ANZSCO Skill Level 1.

Specialisations:

• Navigating Officer (Ship's)
• Seaman Officer (Navy)

Alternative Title:

• Ship's Surveyor

Surveys machines and hulls of ships to ensure they are constructed, equipped and maintained according to safety standards, rules and regulations laid down by marine authorities. Registration or licensing is required.

Skill Level: 2 Note: some roles within this occupation are at ANZSCO Skill Level 1.

This occupation group covers Marine Transport Professionals not elsewhere classified. Registration or licensing is required.

Skill Level: 2 Note: some roles within this occupation are at ANZSCO Skill Level 1.

Occupations in this group include:

• Boating Safety Officer
• Marine Safety Officer
• Vessel Traffic Officer

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this minor group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. For some occupations at least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

• obtaining advice from and providing information to clients and management about design, size, materials and costs associated with new buildings and alterations to existing buildings
• consulting with professionals and clients about external area designs, costs and construction
• designing and compiling map manuscripts using digital and graphical source material such as aerial photographs, satellite imagery, survey documents, existing maps and records, and reports and statistics
• planning and designing land subdivision projects and negotiating details with local governments and other authorities
• formulating design concepts for clothing, textiles, industrial, commercial and consumer products, jewellery and building interiors
• undertaking research and analysing functional, spatial, commercial, cultural, safety and aesthetic requirements
• preparing sketches, diagrams, illustrations and samples to communicate design concepts
• determining the objectives and constraints of design briefs by consulting with clients and stakeholders
• compiling and analysing data on economic, legal, political, cultural, demographic, sociological, physical and environmental factors affecting land use

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

Registration or licensing may be required.

• obtaining advice from clients and management to determine type, style, and size of planned buildings and alterations to existing buildings
• providing information regarding designs, materials, and estimated building times
• preparing project documentation, including sketches and scale drawings, and integrating structural, mechanical and aesthetic elements in final designs
• writing specifications and contract documents for use by builders and calling tenders on behalf of clients
• consulting with Professionals and clients about external area designs, costs and construction
• compiling and analysing site and community data about geographical and ecological features, landforms, soils, vegetation, site hydrology, visual characteristics and human-made structures, to formulate land use and development recommendations, and for preparing environmental impact statements
• preparing reports, site plans, working drawings, specifications and cost estimates for land development, showing location and details of proposals, including ground modelling, structures, vegetation and access
• inspecting construction work in progress to ensure compliance with plans, specifications, and quality standards

• 232111 Architect
• 232112 Landscape Architect

Plans and designs buildings, provides concepts, plans, specifications and detailed drawings, negotiates with builders and advises on the procurement of buildings. Registration or licensing is required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Conservation or Heritage Architect

Plans and designs land areas for projects such as open space networks, parks, schools, institutions, roads, external areas for all building types, land subdivisions, and commercial, industrial and residential sites.

Skill Level: 1

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

Registration or licensing may be required.

• determining the position of points of interest on the earth's surface including marine floors, and preparing the final product data in digital form
• supervising the preparation of plans, maps, charts and drawings, to give pictorial representations and managing spatial information systems
• undertaking research and development of surveying and photogrammetric measurement systems, cadastral systems and land information systems
• planning and designing land subdivision projects and negotiating details with local governments and other authorities
• advising Architects, Engineering Professionals, environmental and other scientists or other relevant professionals on the technical requirements of surveying, mapping, and spatial information systems
• compiling and evaluating data, interpreting codes of practice, and writing reports concerning survey measurement, land use and tenure
• preparing site plans and survey reports required for conveyancing and land ownership matters
• evaluating, compiling and maintaining spatial information using a range of digital and graphical source materials, including aerial photographs, satellite imagery, survey documents, existing maps and records, historical data, reports and statistics
• analysing and interpreting data to design maps, graphs, plans, drawings, and three-dimensional models using geographic information and related systems
• developing and trialling new applications for use in geographic information systems
• supervising and coordinating the work of Surveying or Spatial Science Technicians in the production and reproduction of geographic products

• 232212 Surveyor
• 232213 Cartographer
• 232214 Other Spatial Scientist

Plans, directs and conducts survey work to determine, delineate, plan and precisely position tracts of land, natural and constructed features, coastlines, marine floors and underground works, and manages related information systems. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Cadastral Surveyor
• Engineering Surveyor
• Geodetic Surveyor
• Hydrographic Surveyor
• Mine Surveyor
• Photogrammetric Surveyor

Applies scientific, mathematical and cartographic design principles to prepare and revise maps, charts and other forms of cartographic output.

Skill Level: 1

Acquires, integrates, analyses, interprets, presents, manages and distributes information about locations in space and time, and develops related equipment, software and services.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Geographic Information Systems Manager
• Geospatial Analyst

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. At least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

• determining the objectives and constraints of the design brief by consulting with clients and stakeholders
• undertaking product research and analysing functional, commercial, cultural and aesthetic requirements
• formulating design concepts for clothing, textiles, industrial, commercial and consumer products, and jewellery
• preparing sketches, diagrams, illustrations, plans, samples and models to communicate design concepts
• negotiating design solutions with clients, management, and sales and manufacturing staff
• selecting, specifying and recommending functional and aesthetic materials, production methods and finishes for manufacture
• detailing and documenting the selected design for production
• preparing and commissioning prototypes and samples
• supervising the preparation of patterns, programs and tooling, and the manufacture process

• 232311 Fashion Designer
• 232312 Industrial Designer
• 232313 Jewellery Designer

Plans, designs and develops clothing, accessories, footwear or other items of personal apparel considering the form and construction of clothing, historical styles and contexts, contemporary and cultural trends, colour, fabric, and decoration, and the techniques and processes available for manufacture.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Costume Designer

Alternative Title:

• Product Designer

Plans, designs, develops and documents industrial, commercial or consumer products for manufacture with particular emphasis on ergonomic (human) factors, marketing considerations and manufacturability, and prepares designs and specifications of products for mass or batch production.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Ceramic Designer
• Furniture Designer
• Glass Designer
• Textile Designer

Conceptualises and designs prototypes and details for the manufacture of jewellery and objects for personal adornment, such as watches and spectacles, homewares and other objects, such as trophies and silverware, using metals, precious stones, plastics, engraving, casting and fabrication, to develop designs for mass or batch production or one-off commissions.

Skill Level: 1

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. At least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

• determining the objectives and constraints of the design brief by consulting with clients and stakeholders
• undertaking research and analysing functional communication requirements
• formulating design concepts for the subject to be communicated
• preparing sketches, diagrams, illustrations and layouts to communicate design concepts
• negotiating design solutions with clients, management, sales and production staff
• selecting, specifying or recommending functional and aesthetic materials and media for publication, delivery or display
• detailing and documenting the selected design for production
• supervising or carrying out production in the chosen media
• may archive information for future client use

• 232411 Graphic Designer
• 232412 Illustrator
• 232413 Multimedia Designer
• 232414 Web Designer

Alternative Title:

• Graphic Artist

Plans, designs, develops and prepares information for publication and reproduction using text, symbols, pictures, colours and layout to achieve commercial and communication needs with particular emphasis on tailoring the message for the intended audience.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Exhibition Designer
• Film and Video Graphics Designer
• Publication Designer

Plans, designs, develops, and prepares pictures and diagrams to communicate messages, clarify meaning, assist in presentations and illustrate stories, using traditional and digital media such as drawing, painting, drafting, collage, models, photography, and image capture and manipulation software.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Animator
• Cartoonist
• Technical Illustrator

Alternative Titles:

• Digital Media Designer
• Interactive Media Designer

Plans, designs and develops the production of digitally delivered information, promotional content, instructional material and entertainment through online and recorded digital media using static and animated information, text, pictures, video and sound to produce information and entertainment tailored to an intended audience and purpose.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Instructional Designer

Plans, designs, develops and prepares information for Internet publication with particular emphasis on the user interface, ease of navigation and location of information using text, pictures, animation, sound, colours, layout and data sources to deliver information tailored to an intended audience and purpose.

Skill Level: 1

In Australia:

• AQF Associate Degree, Advanced Diploma or Diploma, or at least three years of relevant experience (ANZSCO Skill Level 2)

In New Zealand:

• NZQF Diploma, or at least three years of relevant experience (ANZSCO Skill Level 2)

In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification.

• determining the objectives and constraints of the design brief by consulting with clients and stakeholders
• researching and analysing spatial, functional, efficiency, safety and aesthetic requirements
• formulating design concepts for building interiors
• preparing sketches, diagrams, illustrations and plans to communicate design concepts
• negotiating design solutions with clients, management, suppliers and construction staff
• selecting, specifying and recommending functional and aesthetic materials, furniture and products for interiors
• detailing and documenting selected design for construction
• supervising the construction of interiors

• 232511 Interior Designer

Plans, designs, details and supervises the construction of commercial, industrial, retail and residential building interiors to produce an environment tailored to a purpose, with particular emphasis on space creation, space planning, and factors that enhance living and working environments.

Skill Level: 2

Specialisations:

• Commercial Interior Designer
• Environmental Designer
• Residential Interior Designer
• Retail Interior Designer

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

• compiling and analysing data on economic, legal, political, cultural, demographic, sociological, physical and environmental factors affecting land use
• conferring with government authorities, communities, Architects, social scientists, Legal Professionals, and planning, development and environmental specialists
• devising and recommending use and development of land, and presenting narrative and graphic plans, programs and designs to groups and individuals
• advising governments and organisations on urban and regional planning and resource planning
• reviewing and evaluating environmental impact reports
• staying up-to-date with changes in building and zoning codes, regulations and other legal issues
• may serve as mediators in disputes over planning proposals and projects
• may speak at public meetings and appear before government to explain planning proposals

• 232611 Urban and Regional Planner

Develops and implements plans and policies for the controlled use of urban and rural land, and advises on economic, environmental and social factors affecting land use.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Land Planner
• Resource Management Planner (NZ)
• Town Planner
• Traffic and Transport Planner

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this minor group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

• planning and designing chemical process systems, civil engineering projects, electrical power equipment and facilities, electronic components used in computer and industrial applications, mechanical equipment and systems, mining and drilling operations, and other engineering projects
• drafting and interpreting specifications, drawings and plans, and determining construction methods
• supervising the construction of structures, water and gas supply and transportation systems, and the manufacture, installation, operation and maintenance of equipment, machines and plant
• organising and managing project labour and the delivery of materials, plant and equipment
• estimating total costs and preparing detailed cost plans and estimates as tools for budgetary control
• resolving design and operational problems in the various fields of engineering through the application of engineering technology

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

Registration or licensing may be required.

• preparing designs for chemical process systems and planning control systems for processes such as those used to remove and separate components, effect chemical changes, test and evaluate fuels, transfer heat, and control the storing and handling of solids, liquids and gases
• monitoring the operation and maintenance of equipment to achieve maximum efficiency under safe operating conditions
• ensuring correct materials and equipment are used and that they conform to specifications
• diagnosing malfunctions in chemical plants and instituting remedial action
• studying product utilisation and pollution control problems
• reviewing plans for new products and submitting material selection recommendations in accordance with design specifications and factors such as strength, weight and cost
• planning and implementing laboratory operations to develop new materials and fabrication procedures for new materials to fulfil production cost and performance standards
• conferring with producers of materials, such as metals, ceramics, polymers, cements and elastomers, during the investigation and evaluation of materials suitable for specific product applications
• reviewing product failure data and implementing laboratory tests to establish or reject possible causes, and advising on ways to overcome any problems

• 233111 Chemical Engineer
• 233112 Materials Engineer

Designs and prepares specifications for chemical process systems and the construction and operation of commercial-scale chemical plants, and supervises industrial processing and fabrication of products undergoing physical and chemical changes. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Investigates the properties of metals, ceramics, polymers and other materials and assesses and develops their engineering and commercial applications. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

Registration or licensing may be required.

• determining construction methods, materials and quality standards, and drafting and interpreting specifications, drawings, plans, construction methods and procedures
• organising and directing site labour and the delivery of construction materials, plant and equipment, and establishing detailed programs for the coordination of site activities
• obtaining soil and rock samples at different depths across sites and testing samples to determine strength, compressibility and other factors that affect the behaviour of soil and rock when a structure is imposed and determining the safe loading for the soil
• studying architectural and engineering drawings and specifications to estimate total costs, and preparing detailed cost plans and estimates as tools to assist in budgetary control
• monitoring changes to designs, assessing effects on cost, and measuring, valuing and negotiating variations to designs
• analysing structural systems for both static and dynamic loads
• designing structures to ensure they do not collapse, bend, twist or vibrate in undesirable ways
• assessing present and future travel flow patterns taking into account population increase and needs change
• designing the physical aspects of transportation systems such as highways, railroads, urban transit, air transportation, logistical supply systems and their terminals

• 233211 Civil Engineer
• 233212 Geotechnical Engineer
• 233213 Quantity Surveyor
• 233214 Structural Engineer
• 233215 Transport Engineer

Plans, designs, organises and oversees the construction and operation of dams, bridges, pipelines, gas and water supply schemes, sewerage systems, airports and other civil engineering projects. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Airfield Engineer Officer (Air Force)
• Hydraulics Engineer

Plans, directs and conducts survey work to analyse the likely behaviour of soil and rock when placed under pressure by proposed structures, and designs above and below ground foundations. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Alternative Titles:

• Building Economist
• Construction Economist

Estimates and monitors construction costs from the project feasibility stage, through tender preparation, to the construction period and beyond. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Analyses the statical properties of all types of structures, tests the behaviour and durability of materials used in their construction, and designs and supervises the construction of all types of structures. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Plans and develops transport systems to improve infrastructure efficiency and the cost effectiveness of moving people and freight. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Roading Engineer (NZ)

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

Registration or licensing may be required.

• planning and designing power stations and power generation equipment
• determining the type and arrangement of circuits, transformers, circuit-breakers, transmission lines and other equipment
• developing products such as electric motors, components, equipment and appliances
• interpreting specifications, drawings, standards and regulations relating to electric power equipment and use
• organising and managing resources used in the supply of electrical components, machines, appliances and equipment
• establishing delivery and installation schedules for machines, switchgear, cables and fittings
• supervising the operation and maintenance of power stations, transmission and distribution systems and industrial plants
• designing and installing control and signalling equipment for road, rail and air traffic
• may specialise in research in areas such as power generation and transmission systems, transformers, switchgear and electric motors, telemetry and control systems

• 233311 Electrical Engineer

Designs, develops and supervises the manufacture, installation, operation and maintenance of equipment, machines and systems for the generation, distribution, utilisation and control of electric power. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Electrical Design Engineer
• Railway Signalling Engineer
• Signalling and Communications Engineer

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

Registration or licensing may be required.

• designing electronic components, circuits and systems used for computer, communication and control systems, command and warfare systems, and other industrial applications
• designing software, especially embedded software, to be used within such systems
• developing apparatus and procedures to test electronic components, circuits and systems
• supervising installation and commissioning of computer, communication and control systems, and ensuring proper control and protection methods
• establishing and monitoring performance and safety standards and procedures for operation, modification, maintenance and repair of such systems
• designing communications bearers based on wired, optical fibre and wireless communication media
• analysing communications traffic and level of service, and determining the type of installation, location, layout and transmission medium for communication systems
• designing and developing signal processing algorithms and implementing these through appropriate choice of hardware and software
• designing the architecture, modelling and integration of communication and control systems, command and warfare systems, and other industrial applications

• 233411 Electronics Engineer

Designs, develops, adapts, installs, tests and maintains electronic components, circuits and systems used for computer, communication, command and warfare systems, entertainment, transport and other industrial applications. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Combat System Engineer

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

Registration or licensing may be required.

• developing and reviewing functional statements, organisational charts and project information to determine functions and responsibilities of workers and work units and to identify areas of duplication
• establishing work measurement programs and analysing work samples to develop standards for labour utilisation
• analysing workforce utilisation, facility layout, operational data and production schedules and costs, to determine optimum worker and equipment efficiencies
• designing mechanical equipment, machines, components, products for manufacture, and plant and systems for construction
• developing specifications for manufacture, and determining materials, equipment, piping, material flows, capacities and layout of plant construction and systems
• organising and managing project labour and the delivery of materials, plant and equipment
• establishing standards and policies for installation, modification, quality control, testing, inspection and maintenance according to engineering principles and safety regulations
• carrying out inspections to ensure optimum performance is maintained
• directing the maintenance and coordinating the requirements for new designs, surveys and maintenance schedules

• 233511 Industrial Engineer
• 233512 Mechanical Engineer
• 233513 Production or Plant Engineer

Investigates and reviews the logistics and utilisation of personnel, facilities, equipment and materials, current operational processes and established practices, to recommend improvement in the quality and efficiency of operations in a variety of commercial, industrial and production environments. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Engineering Assurance Engineer

• Integrated Logistics Support Engineer

• Process Engineer (Industrial)

Plans, designs, organises and oversees the assembly, erection, commissioning, operation and maintenance of mechanical and process plant and installations. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Airconditioning Engineer
• Building Services Engineer
• Heating and Ventilation Engineer

Plans, directs and coordinates the design, construction, modification, continued performance and maintenance of equipment and machines in industrial plants, and the management and planning of manufacturing activities. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Automation and Control Engineer
• Maintenance Engineer (Shipbuilding)

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

Registration or licensing may be required.

• conducting preliminary surveys of mineral, petroleum and natural gas deposits with prospectors, Geologists, Geophysicists, other mineral scientists and other engineers to determine the resources present, the feasibility of extracting the reserves, and the design and development of the extraction process
• preparing operation and project cost estimates and production schedules, and reporting progress, production and costs compared to budget
• determining the most suitable methods of ore extraction taking account of such factors as depth of overburden, and attitude and physical characteristics of deposits and surrounding strata
• preparing plans for tunnels and chambers, location and construction of mine shafts, layout of mine development and the application of appropriate mining techniques, often using computer modelling
• assessing the natural, technical, financial and safety risks associated with the phases of the project development, construction and operations
• determining the safety of processes, order of extraction and safety of mine walls, evaluating the risk of slippage and advising on the prevention of slippage and rock falls
• planning and coordinating the utilisation of labour and equipment consistent with efficiency targets, statutes, safety guidelines and environmental conditions
• planning and conducting research and providing advice on engineering operations for the exploration, location and extraction of petroleum and natural gas
• determining location for drilling
• deciding on types of derrick and equipment including seabed platforms
• devising methods of controlling the flow of oil and gas from wells

• 233611 Mining Engineer (excluding Petroleum)
• 233612 Petroleum Engineer

Plans and directs the engineering aspects of locating and extracting minerals from the earth. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Process Engineer (Mining)

Plans and directs the engineering aspects of locating and extracting petroleum or natural gas from the earth. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Mud Engineer
• Petrophysical Engineer

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

Registration or licensing may be required.

• 233911 Aeronautical Engineer
• 233912 Agricultural Engineer
• 233913 Biomedical Engineer
• 233914 Engineering Technologist
• 233915 Environmental Engineer
• 233916 Naval Architect / Marine Designer
• 233999 Engineering Professionals nec

Performs and supervises engineering work concerned with the design, development, manufacture, maintenance and modification of aircraft for flight. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Aeronautical Engineering Officer (Navy)
• Aerospace Engineer
• Aerospace Engineer Officer - Aeronautical (Air Force)
• Aerospace Engineer Officer - Armament (Air Force)
• Aerospace Engineer Officer - Electronics (Air Force)
• Avionics Systems Engineer
• Weapons Aeronautical Engineering Officer (Navy)

Alternative Title:

• Natural Resources Engineer

Performs and supervises engineering work related to the use and development of agricultural land, buildings, machines and equipment. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Applies knowledge and methodology of physics, engineering, mathematics, computing, physical chemistry and materials science to problems in biology and the treatment and prevention of human disease. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Bioengineer
• Clinical Engineer
• Medical Engineer

Analyses and modifies new and existing engineering technologies and applies them in the testing and implementation of engineering projects. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Biomedical Engineering Technologist
• Industrial Engineering Technologist
• Mining Engineering Technologist
• Safety Engineering Technologist

• Structural Engineering Technologist

Assesses the impact on air, water, soil and noise levels in the vicinity of engineering projects, plans and designs equipment and processes for the treatment and safe disposal of waste material, and assesses what may cause problems for the environment in the long-term. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Designs and oversees the construction and repair of marine craft and floating structures. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Shipbuilding Designer

This occupation group covers Engineering Professionals not elsewhere classified. Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Occupations in this group include:

• Acoustic Engineer
• Calibration Engineer
• Corrosion Engineer
• Fire Safety Engineer
• Mechatronics Engineer
• Product Design Engineer
• Safety Engineer

• Test and Activation Engineer (Naval Shipbuilding)

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this minor group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

• advising farmers on techniques for improving crop and livestock production
• conducting experiments and tests to identify the chemical composition and reactive properties of natural substances and processed materials
• developing conservation and management policies for biological resources, such as fish populations and forests, and establishing standards and developing approaches for the control of pollution and the rehabilitation of areas disturbed by activities such as mining, timber felling and overgrazing
• conducting studies of minerals and the nature and formation of the earth's crust, and carrying out mineral exploration
• studying the forms and structures of organs and tissues of the body by systematic observation, dissection and microscopic examination
• investigating the effects of environmental factors, such as rainfall, temperature, sunlight, soil, topography and disease, on plant and animal growth
• analysing samples of body tissue and fluids to develop techniques to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases
• treating animals medically and surgically, and administering and prescribing drugs, analgesics, and general and local anaesthetics for animals
• conducting experiments to discover and develop industrial, medical and other practical applications of physics
• studying and applying chemical and metallurgical techniques for extracting and refining metallic materials from their ores and concentrates

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

• collecting and analysing data and samples of produce, feed, soil, water quality and other factors affecting stock and production
• advising Farmers and Farm Managers on techniques for improving production, and alternative options
• advising farmers on issues such as livestock and crop disease, control of pests and weeds, soil improvement, animal husbandry and nutrition and feeding programs
• studying environmental and other factors affecting commercial crop production, pasture growth, animal breeding, fisheries, and forests and forest trees
• studying the effects of cultivation techniques, soils, insects and diseases on production
• developing procedures and techniques for solving problems and improving the efficiency of production
• managing forest and aquatic resources to maximise their long-term commercial, recreational and environmental benefits for the community
• studying the propagation and culture of forest trees, methods for improving the growth of stock and the effects of thinning on forest yields
• preparing plans for reafforestation and devising efficient harvesting systems
• investigating, planning and implementing management procedures to cope with the effects of fires, floods, droughts, soil erosion, insect pests and diseases

• 234111 Agricultural Consultant
• 234113 Forester / Forest Scientist
• 234114 Agricultural Research Scientist
• 234115 Agronomist
• 234116 Aquaculture or Fisheries Scientist

Alternative Title:

• Agricultural Adviser

Advises farmers, agricultural businesses, rural industries and government on the production, processing and distribution of farm products.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Agricultural Extension Officer
• Landcare Officer

Studies, develops and manages forest areas to maintain commercial and recreational uses, conserve flora and fauna, and protect against fire, pests and diseases.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Forestry Adviser
• Forestry Consultant

Alternative Title:

• Agricultural Scientist

Researches and studies commercial plants, animals, and cultivation techniques to enhance the productivity of farms and agricultural industries.

Aquaculture or Fisheries Scientists are excluded from this occupation. Aquaculture or Fisheries Scientists are included in Occupation 234116 Aquaculture or Fisheries Scientist.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Research Agronomist

Provides advice on quality, production and management of crops and livestock by assessing growing conditions and environmental factors and examining crops and livestock.

Research Agronomists are excluded from this occupation. Research Agronomists are included in Occupation 234114 Agricultural Research Scientist.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Animal Nutritionist
• Sales Agronomist

Alternative Title:

• Aquaculture or Fisheries Research Scientist

Studies commercial marine and aquatic plants, animals, ecosystems, and aquaculture techniques to assess stock and enhance the productivity of aquatic wild harvest and aquaculture and developing better ways of harvesting fish and plants.

Marine Biologists are excluded from this occupation. Marine Biologists are included in Occupation 234516 Marine Biologist.

Skill Level: 1

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification. In the case of Wine Makers, at least five years of experience may substitute for the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

• conducting experiments and tests to identify the chemical composition and reactive properties of natural substances and processed materials
• analysing and conducting research to develop theories, techniques and processes, and testing the reliability of outcomes under different conditions
• developing practical applications of experimental and research findings
• testing food products for flavour, colour, taste, texture and nutritional content
• advising on preserving, processing, packaging, storing and delivering foods
• developing quality control procedures and safety standards for the manufacture of food products
• examining grape samples to assess ripeness, sugar and acid content, and determining suitability for processing
• coordinating winemaking processes, directing workers in testing and crushing grapes, fermenting juices, and fortifying, clarifying, maturing and finishing wines
• blending wines according to formulae and knowledge of winemaking techniques

• 234211 Chemist
• 234212 Food Technologist
• 234213 Wine Maker

Studies the chemical and physical properties of substances, and develops and monitors chemical processes and production.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Analytical Chemist
• Industrial Chemist

Alternative Title:

• Food Scientist

Develops new and improves existing food products, and sets standards for producing, packaging and marketing food.

Skill Level: 1

Alternative Title:

• Oenologist

Plans, supervises and coordinates the production of wine or spirits from selected varieties of grapes.

Skill Level: 1

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

• evaluating habitat, wildlife and fisheries needs, and formulating short- and long-term management goals and objectives
• enforcing laws and regulations to conserve and protect fish and wildlife
• carrying out environmental impact assessments for a wide range of development projects
• proposing solutions to address negative environmental impact
• studying the effects of factors, such as terrain, altitude, climatic and environmental change, sources of nutrition, predators and the impacts of humans, on animal and plant life
• studying and analysing pollution, atmospheric conditions, demographic characteristics, ecology, mineral, soil and water samples
• developing conservation and management policies for biological resources, such as fish populations and forests, and establishing standards and developing approaches for the control of pollution and the rehabilitation of areas disturbed by activities such as mining, timber felling and overgrazing
• implementing policies and organising activities in designated parks and other areas to conserve and protect natural and cultural heritage
• participating in management planning by providing environmental information and making inventories of plants, animals and items of cultural and heritage significance

• 234311 Conservation Officer
• 234312 Environmental Consultant
• 234313 Environmental Research Scientist
• 234314 Park Ranger
• 234399 Environmental Scientists nec

Develops and implements programs and regulations for the protection of fish, wildlife and other natural resources.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Landcare Facilitator

Alternative Titles:

• Environmental Adviser
• Environmental Auditor
• Environmental Officer

Analyses and advises on policies guiding the design, implementation and modification of government or commercial environmental operations and programs.

Skill Level: 1

Alternative Title:

• Environmental Scientist

Studies and develops policies and plans for the control of factors which may produce pollution, imbalance in or degradation of the environment.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Air Pollution Analyst
• Ecologist
• Land Degradation Analyst
• Water Quality Analyst

Assists in controlling a State or national park, scenic area, historic site, nature reserve, recreation area or conservation reserve in accordance with authorised policies and priorities.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Land and Sea Ranger

This occupation group covers Environmental Scientists not elsewhere classified.

Skill Level: 1

Occupations in this group include:

• Environmental Educator
• Soil Scientist

Geographers are included in Unit Group 2724 Social Professionals.

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

• conducting preliminary surveys of mineral, petroleum and natural gas deposits with prospectors, Mining Engineers, Metallurgists, and other mineral scientists and engineers
• preparing and supervising the production of laboratory reports and scientific papers
• conducting studies of the structure, nature and formation of the earth's crust and the minerals contained in it
• studying and dating fossils and rock strata to develop knowledge of the evolution and biology of life forms, and to assess their commercial applications
• studying the effects of natural events, such as erosion, sedimentation, earthquakes and volcanic activity, on the formation of the earth's surface and sea beds
• carrying out exploration to determine the resources present by sampling, examining and analysing geological specimens, rock cores, cuttings and samples using optical, chemical, electronic and mechanical techniques
• conducting surveys of variations in the earth's gravitational and magnetic fields to determine its physical features
• investigating the propagation of seismic waves to determine the structure and stability of the earth's mantle and crust
• studying the causes of earthquakes and other stress states of the earth's crust
• performing laboratory and field studies, and aerial, ground and drill hole surveys

• 234411 Geologist
• 234412 Geophysicist
• 234413 Hydrogeologist

Studies the composition, structure and other physical attributes of the earth to increase scientific knowledge and to develop practical applications in fields such as mineral exploitation, civil engineering, environmental protection and rehabilitation of land after mining.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Marine Geologist
• Palaeontologist

Studies the composition, structure and other physical attributes of the earth, locates minerals, petroleum or ground water, and detects, monitors and forecasts seismic, magnetic, electrical, geothermal and oceanographic activity.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Oceanographer
• Seismologist

Monitors, measures, analyses and describes the earth’s surface and groundwater resources and many aspects of the water cycle, including human use of water resources.

Skill Level: 1

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

• designing and conducting experiments, making observations and measurements, researching information, analysing data, preparing or supervising the preparation of laboratory reports and scientific papers, presenting findings at scientific meetings and conferences, and supervising the work of staff
• studying the forms and structures of bodily organs and tissues by systematic observation, dissection and microscopic examination
• investigating the chemical structure and function of living cells and their isolated components, organs and tissues in humans, animals, plants, and micro-organisms
• examining micro-organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, yeast and their enzymes, and using the knowledge gained to create and develop new, and improve existing, products, materials and processes
• investigating the effects of environmental factors, such as rainfall, temperature, sunlight, soil, topography and disease, on plant growth
• planning and undertaking experiments to study, measure and understand marine animals and plants
• studying the growth and characteristics of micro-organisms, such as bacteria, algae and fungi, and the effects they have on plants, animals and humans to develop medical, veterinary, industrial, environmental and other practical applications

• investigating the impacts of insects on plants, animals and humans in relation to human health and agricultural production

• investigating the interrelationships between animals in their natural surroundings, in captivity and in laboratories

• 234511 Life Scientist (General)
• 234513 Biochemist
• 234514 Biotechnologist
• 234515 Botanist
• 234516 Marine Biologist
• 234517 Microbiologist
• 234521 Entomologist
• 234522 Zoologist
• 234599 Life Scientists nec

Alternative Title:

• Biologist (General)

Studies the origin, anatomy, physiology, reproduction and behaviour of living organisms and the ways in which they interact with the environment in which they live.

Skill Level: 1

Studies the biochemistry of living organisms and the molecular structure and function of related components.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Enzyme Chemist
• Protein Chemist

Studies the anatomy, physiology and characteristics of living organisms and isolated biological molecules, and develops new materials for applying to a range of purposes.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Cell Geneticist
• Molecular Biologist
• Molecular Geneticist

Studies the anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and ecology of plants.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Plant Pathologist
• Plant Physiologist
• Plant Taxonomist

Studies the anatomy, physiology, functions, characteristics, behaviour and environments of all forms of life living in the sea and connected water bodies.

Aquaculture or Fisheries Scientists are excluded from this occupation. Aquaculture or Fisheries Scientists are included in Occupation 234116 Aquaculture or Fisheries Scientist.

Skill Level: 1

Studies microscopic forms of life such as bacteria, viruses and protozoa.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Bacteriologist (Non-medical)

Studies the anatomy, physiology, characteristics, ecology, behaviour, environments, and impact of insects.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Entomologist (Biosecurity)
• Medical Entomologist

Studies the anatomy, physiology, characteristics, ecology, behaviour, and environments of animals.

Skill Level: 1

This occupation group covers Life Scientists not elsewhere classified.

Skill Level: 1

Occupations in this group include:

• Anatomist
• Animal Behaviourist
• Neuroscientist
• Parasitologist
• Pharmacologist (Non-clinical)
• Physiologist
• Toxicologist

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

• preparing tissue sections for microscopic examination
• examining and analysing samples to study the effects of microbial infections
• developing techniques to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and respiratory or sleep disorders
• advising Medical Practitioners on the interpretation of tests and methods used in  diagnosis and treatment
• setting up the steps and rules of medical testing
• operating and maintaining laboratory and testing equipment
• maintaining laboratory and testing quality assurance and safety standards
• preparing scientific papers and reports

• 234611 Medical Laboratory Scientist
• 234612 Respiratory Scientist

Alternative Titles:

• Hospital Scientist
• Medical Scientific Officer

Conducts medical laboratory tests to assist in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease. Registration or licensing is required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• IVF Embryologist

Conducts lung function tests to support the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory and sleep disorders, in consultation with other medical professionals.

Skill Level: 1

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

Registration or licensing is required.

• treating animals medically and surgically, and administering and prescribing drugs, analgesics, and general and local anaesthetics
• determining the presence and nature of abnormal conditions by physical examination, laboratory testing and through diagnostic imaging techniques including radiography and ultrasound
• performing surgery, dressing wounds and setting broken bones
• rendering obstetric services to animals
• participating in programs designed to prevent the occurrence and spread of animal diseases
• inoculating animals against, and testing for, infectious diseases and notifying authorities of outbreaks of infectious animal diseases
• performing autopsies to determine cause of death
• advising clients on health, nutrition and feeding, hygiene, breeding and care of animals
• may provide professional services to commercial firms producing biological and pharmaceutical products
• may specialise in the treatment of a particular animal group or in a particular specialty area such as cardiology, chiropractic, dermatology or critical care

• 234711 Veterinarian

Alternative Title:

• Veterinary Surgeon

Diagnoses, treats and prevents animal diseases, ailments and injuries. Registration or licensing is required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Veterinary Parasitologist
• Veterinary Pathologist

In Australia and New Zealand:

Most occupations in this unit group have a level of skill commensurate with a bachelor degree or higher qualification. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification. In the case of Conservators, at least five years of relevant experience may substitute for the formal qualification (ANZSCO Skill Level 1).

Registration or licensing may be required.

• 234911 Conservator
• 234912 Metallurgist
• 234913 Meteorologist
• 234914 Physicist
• 234915 Exercise Physiologist
• 234999 Natural and Physical Science Professionals nec

Plans and organises the conservation of materials and objects in libraries, archives, museums, art galleries and other institutions.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Art Conservator

Researches, develops, tests, controls and provides advice on processes used in extracting metals from their ores, and processes used for casting, alloying, heat treating or welding refined metals, alloys and other materials to produce commercial metal products or develop new alloys, techniques and processes.  Registration or licensing may be required.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisation:

• Welding Engineer

Studies the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere to increase understanding of weather and climate, and to forecast changes in the weather and long-term climatic trends.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Climatologist
• Weather Forecaster

Studies matter, space, time, energy, forces and fields and the interrelationship between these physical phenomena to further understanding of the laws governing the behaviour of the universe, and seeks to apply these laws to solve practical problems and discover new information about the earth and the universe.

Skill Level: 1

Specialisations:

• Astronomer
• Medical Physicist

Assesses, plans and implements exercise programs for preventing and managing chronic diseases and injuries, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, depression, cancer and arthritis, and assists in restoring optimal physical function, health and wellness.

Skill Level: 1

This occupation group covers Natural and Physical Science Professionals not elsewhere classified.

Skill Level: 1

Occupations in this group include:

• Materials Scientist
• Metrologist
• Polymer Scientist