4704.0 - The Health and Welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, 2003
ARCHIVED ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 29/08/2003
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Aboriginal person
It should be noted that risk level as defined by the NHMRC is based on regular consumption levels of alcohol, whereas indicators derived in the NHS do not take into account whether consumption in the reference week was more, less or the same as usual, or whether consumption was regular. In the 2001 National Drug Strategy Household Survey, risk level was derived form the average weekly consumption of alcohol by persons aged 14 years and over, in the 12 months prior to interview. See AIHW 2003j for further details. Before/after school care Provides care for school-aged children before and/or after school during the school term. Body mass index (BMI) Calculated from reported height and weight by dividing weight (kg) by the square of the height (m). This publication presents BMI in groups which are consistent with recommendations of the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) (1985) and those of the World Health Organisation (WHO) (1995).
Bounded Locality See Section of state. Canadian National Occupancy Standard There is currently no universally accepted definition of overcrowding. This publication refers to the Canadian National Occupancy Standard, used in recent 2001 Census of Population and Housing results, and the 1999 Australian Housing Survey (ABS 2001a). The criteria are:
Canadian National Occupancy Standard continued This differs from the ‘proxy occupancy standard’ presented in the National Housing Assistance Data Dictionary (AIHW 2001c), which considers households requiring two or more bedrooms to meet the standard to be overcrowded. Standard bedroom requirements for specified households are as follows:
Capital city All state and territory capital city Statistical Divisions. Care and protection orders Children subject to a care and protection order are those ‘for whom the community services department has a responsibility as a result of some formal legal order or an administrative/voluntary arrangement. Only orders issued for protective reasons are included’ (AIHW 2003b). Census A census is a count of a whole population. The Census of Population and Housing measures the number of people in Australia and their key characteristics, at a given point in time. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) conducts the Census every five years, the last was in August 2001. In this publication the word ‘Census’ indicates an ABS Census of Population and Housing. Collection District (CD) The CD is the smallest geographical area defined in the Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC). It has been designed for use in the Census of Population and Housing as the smallest unit for collection, processing and output of data (except Work Destination Zones). CDs also serve as the basic building block in the ASGC and are used for the aggregation of statistics to larger ASGC areas, and some census-specific areas, such as Commonwealth and State electoral divisions and CD-derived Postal Areas (ABS 2001f). Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) The CDEP scheme enables participants (usually members of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities) to exchange unemployment benefits for opportunities to undertake work and training in activities which are managed by a local Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander community organisation. The CDEP scheme is funded and supported through the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission, which provides grants to participating community organisations to employ community members. Community health centre A facility that provides a range of medical and health related services to the community. The centre may also provide advice to people on issues such as sexually transmitted diseases, immunisation and family planning. In remote areas not all of these services may be available, but the centre would usually have nurses, health workers and/or doctors in regular attendance. Dialysis (haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis) A treatment for end-stage renal disease, where the work of the kidneys is performed artificially. In haemodialysis, the patient’s blood is passed through a semi-permeable tube where it is cleansed and pumped back into the body. Haemodialysis needs to be performed a few times a week for several hours at a time, either at a hospital/clinic, or at home. In peritoneal dialysis, the patient’s abdomen is used instead of the tube. Fluid is passed into the abdomen via a semi-permanent catheter. As the patient’s blood is cleansed, the fluid is drained and refilled, using gravity. This takes place 4-5 times daily. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, where the patient is able to move around, is the most common form of peritoneal dialysis. It can be performed either at home or in a hospital/clinic. Discrete Indigenous community A geographical location with a physical or legal boundary that is inhabited or intended to be inhabited predominantly (more than 50%) by Indigenous people, with housing and infrastructure that is either owned or managed on a community basis. dmft (infant teeth) Used to measure the number of decayed, missing or filled deciduous (infant) teeth. It is derived by adding the number of teeth which are decayed, missing or have been filled due to caries (i.e. tooth decay). DMFT (adult teeth) Used to measure the number of decayed, missing or filled permanent (adult) teeth. It is derived by adding the number of teeth which are decayed, missing or have been filled due to caries (i.e. tooth decay). Equivalised income Equivalence scales are used to adjust the actual incomes of households in a way that enables the analysis of the relative economic wellbeing of people living in households of different size and composition. For example, it would be expected that a household comprising two people would normally need more income than a lone person household if all of the people in the two households are to enjoy the same material standard of living. Adopting a per capita analysis would address one aspect of household size difference, but would address neither compositional difference (i.e. the numbers of adults compared with the numbers of children) nor the economies derived from living together. When household income is adjusted according to an equivalence scale, the equivalised income can be viewed as an indicator of the economic resources available to a standardised household. For a lone person household, it is equal to income received. For a household comprising more than one person, equivalised income is an indicator of the household income that would be required by a lone person household in order to enjoy the same level of economic wellbeing as the household in question. In this publication, a ‘modified OECD’ equivalence scale has been used, the scale widely accepted among Australian analysts of income distribution. This scale allocates 1.0 point for the first adult (aged 15 years and over) in a household; 0.5 for each additional adult; and 0.3 for each child. Equivalised household income is derived by dividing total household income by the sum of the equivalence points allocated to household members. For example, if a household received combined gross income of $2,100 per week and comprised two adults and two children (combined household equivalence points of 2.1), the equivalised gross household income for each household member would be calculated as $1,000 per week. For more information on the use of equivalence scales, see Income Distribution, Australia, 2000-01, (cat. no. 6523.0). Equivalised gross household income Gross household income adjusted using an equivalence scale. For a lone person household it is equal to income received. For a household comprising more than one person, it is an indicator of the disposable household income that would be required by a lone person household in order to enjoy the same level of economic wellbeing as the household in question. For further information on the calculation of equivalised gross household income, refer to Income Distribution, Australia, 2000-01 (cat. no. 6523.0). Income quintiles Groupings that result from ranking all households or people in the population in ascending order according to their household income and then dividing the population into five equal groups, each comprising 20% of the estimated population. Dwelling In general terms, a dwelling is a structure which is intended to house people. The exact definition of ‘dwelling’, however, varies slightly between data sources. Within this publication, dwellings are referred to as ‘private dwellings’, as reported in the Census, and ‘permanent dwellings’, as reported in the Community Housing and Infrastructure Needs Survey. The term ‘occupied private dwelling’ is used interchangeably with the term ‘private dwelling’.
Employed In the Census, employed people are those aged 15 years or more who, during the week prior to Census night:
The official Australian Bureau of Statistics estimate of the Australian population. The ERP is based on results of the Census of Population and Housing and is compiled as at 30 June of each census year, and is updated quarterly between censuses. These intercensal estimates of the resident population are revised each time a population census is taken. Rates are calculated per 1,000 or 100,000 mid year (30 June) ERP. The Indigenous ERP is considered to be experimental because satisfactory data on births, deaths and migration are not generally available, and because of the volatility of counts of the Indigenous population between censuses. See Chapter 2 for more details. Ex-nuptial births Births to parents who are not married. Family A family is defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics as two or more persons, one of whom is at least 15 years of age, who are related by blood, marriage (registered or de facto), adoption, step or fostering, and who are usually resident in the same household. Some households contain more than one family. Non-related persons living in the same household are not counted as family members (unless under 15 years of age). Family day care A network of caregivers who provide care for children aged 0-12 years in the carer’s own home. Fertility rate Represents the number of children a woman would bear during her lifetime if she experienced current age-specific fertility rates throughout her reproductive life. Fetal death rate The number of fetal deaths in a year per 1,000 total births in the same year. Fetal death (stillbirth) Death prior to the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of conception of 20 or more completed weeks of gestation or of 400 grams or more of birthweight (criteria used for the state and territory perinatal collections). First aid clinic A facility where an individual can receive life-saving or pain-relieving primary aid. Health Care Card These cards provide for medical and/or related services free of charge or at reduced rates to recipients of Commonwealth government pensions or benefits. High level residential aged care Residential aged care services delivered to residents with high levels of dependency. These are approximately equivalent to the services delivered by nursing homes in the past. High volume form Most Supported Accommodation Assistance Program (SAAP) agencies use the general client form to collect data for the SAAP Client collection. This form has 29 questions. ‘High volume’ agencies have a large number of clients and a high client throughput. These agencies use a ‘high volume’ client form with a subset of questions from the general client form. Generally, high volume agencies include those providing accommodation to more than 50 people per night, telephone referral agencies, day centres and information and referral centres. Hospital separation Refers to the process by which an admitted patient completes an episode of care in hospital, by being discharged, transferring to another hospital or care facility, or dying. A hospital separation record refers to a patient’s administrative record on discharge from hospital. The record gives demographic details such as age, sex and Indigenous status, as well as reasons for hospitalisation, and treatments or procedures performed. Household A household is defined as a group of two or more related or unrelated people who usually reside in the same dwelling, who regard themselves as a household, and who make common provision for food or other essentials for living; or a person living in a dwelling who makes provision for his/her own food and other essentials for living, without combining with any other person (i.e. a lone-person household). For the purpose of this, and other Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001 Census of Population and Housing related publications, households are separated into those containing at least one Indigenous person(s), and Other households:
Household income Household income is the sum of the personal incomes of each resident aged 15 years or more present in the household. In the Census, persons who were temporarily absent on Census night, had nil or negative income, or did not state their income, are not included in the census tally of household income. Households with Indigenous person(s) See Household. Illicit drugs Refers to a variety of substances that are either illegal to possess, or legally available, but used inappropriately. In the 2001 National Drug Strategy Household Survey, the term ‘illicit drugs’ included marijuana/cannabis, pain-killers/analgesics, tranquillisers/sleeping pills, steroids, barbiturates, inhalents, heroin, methadone, other opiates, amphetamines, cocaine, hallucinogens, ecstasy/designer drugs, and injected drugs. Incidence The number of new cases of a particular illness commencing during a given period in a specified population (see also Prevalence). Income Refers to regular gross weekly income, which is the income before tax, superannuation, health insurance, or other deductions are made. Gross income includes family allowance, family allowance supplement, pensions, unemployment benefits, student allowances, maintenance (child support), superannuation, wages, overtime, dividends, rents received, interest received, business or farm income (less operation expenses) and workers compensation received. Income unit - Commonwealth Rent Assistance (CRA) A CRA income unit is defined as either a single person or a couple with or without dependants. Children over 16 years of age are not regarded as dependent unless they are full-time secondary students aged under 18 years and do not receive social security payments. An Indigenous income unit is defined as an income unit where either the customer or partner has identified as being an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. Independent housing Refers to housing which is categorised as owner-occupied, a rooming house, hostel, hotel or private board, public or community housing, private rental, living rent-free or in a car, tent, park, street or squat. Indigenous person A person who identifies himself or herself to be of Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander or both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander origin. See also Aboriginal, or Torres Strait Islander. Indigenous household An Indigenous household is one that contains one or more Indigenous people. See also Household. Indigenous Housing Organisation Any Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander organisation which is responsible for managing housing for Indigenous people. This includes community organisations, such as Resources Agencies and Land Councils, that have a range of functions, provided that they manage housing for Indigenous people. Indigenous income unit An income unit in which the client of a community services program, or their partner, has identified as being of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander descent. See Income unit. Infant mortality Deaths of children under one year of age. Inner Regional Australia See Remoteness Area. This term has been abbreviated to ‘Inner Regional’ in graphs presented within this publication. Jurisdiction As used in this publication, refers to the states and territories of Australia. Koori The preferred term used to describe Indigenous people in some parts of south-eastern Australia. Labour force status Identifies whether a person aged 15 years or over is employed, unemployed, or not in the labour force. See also Employed, Unemployed, Not in the labour force. Landlord type For rented dwellings, this variable provides information on the person or organisation from whom the dwelling is rented. The landlord is classified as: Private Landlord; Real Estate Agent; state–territory Housing Authority; Community or Co-operative Housing Group; Employer-Government; Employer-Other; or Other. Life tables A life table is a statistical model used to show the life expectancy and hence levels of mortality at different ages. It depicts the mortality experience of a hypothetical group of newborn babies throughout their lifetimes. Life tables may be complete or abridged, depending on the age interval used in their compilation. Complete life tables such as those for the Australian population contain data by single years of age, while abridged life tables, such as those for the Indigenous population, contain data for five-year age groups. Life tables are presented separately for each sex. Long-day care centre A day care centre that is open for at least eight hours a day and at least 48 weeks a year. Caters mostly for under school-age children whose parents are in the paid workforce, are looking for work, or are in education or training. Long-term health condition Refers to medical conditions (illness, injury or disability) which have lasted at least six months, or which the respondent expects to last for six months. Low birthweight Birthweight of less than 2,500 grams. Major Cities of Australia See Remoteness Area. This term has been abbreviated to ‘Major Cities’ in graphs presented within this publication. Median Median is a midpoint of a distribution. Half the values occur above this point and half below. Median income Median income is the midpoint of the distribution of income. Morbidity Any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological wellbeing. Multiple causes of death All morbid conditions, diseases and injuries entered on the death certificate. These include those involved in the morbid train of events leading to death which were classified as either the underlying cause, the immediate cause, or any intervening causes and those conditions which contributed to death, but were not related to the disease or condition causing death. For deaths where the underlying cause was identified as an external cause (injury or poisoning) multiple causes include circumstances of injury, the nature of injury as well as any other conditions reported on the death certificate. Neonatal death Death of a liveborn infant within 28 days of birth. Neonatal mortality rate The number of neonatal deaths in a year per 1,000 live births in the same year. Non-remote See Remote. Non-school educational qualification This variable describes the level of the highest non-school educational qualification gained (e.g. bachelor degree, diploma, etc.). Level of attainment is coded as defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics Classification of Qualifications. Not in the labour force Includes people aged 15 years or more who were neither employed nor unemployed. This category includes people who were retired, pensioners and people engaged in home duties. See also Employed, Unemployed, Labour force status. Nuptial births Births to parents who are married. Obese See Body mass index. Occasional care Provides care mainly for under school-age children. These services cater mainly for families who require short-term care for their children. Occupation In the Census, this variable describes the main job held by employed people (aged 15 years and over) during the week prior to Census night. Other households See Household. Other Territories Comprises Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Jervis Bay Territory. Outer Regional Australia See Remoteness Area. This term has been abbreviated to ‘Outer Regional’ in graphs presented within this publication. Own account workers An own account worker is a person who operates his/her own unincorporated economic enterprises or engages independently in a profession or trade and hires no employees. This category was called ‘Self-employed’ in the 1991 Census. Participation rate Number of persons in the labour force (i.e., employed plus unemployed) expressed as a percentage of the population aged 15 years and over. The participation rate is calculated excluding those who did not state their labour force status. See also Labour force status, Employed, Unemployed, Not in the labour force. Perinatal death/mortality A fetal or neonatal death. Perinatal mortality rate The number of perinatal deaths per 1,000 total births in the same year. Permanent dwelling See Dwelling. Place of enumeration The place where a person was located when counted on Census night. Prevalence The number of instances of a specific disease present in a given population at a designated point in time (see also Incidence). Principal diagnosis The diagnosis established to be chiefly responsible for a patient’s hospitalisation. Private dwelling See Dwelling. Procedure (hospital) Procedures encompass surgical procedures and also non-surgical investigative and therapeutic procedures such as x-rays and chemotherapy. Because a procedure is not undertaken every time a patient visits hospital, the number of hospital separations always exceeds procedures recorded. Reference person The reference person in the Census is the person who is used as the basis for determining the familial and non-familial relationships within a household. It is usually the person identified as Person 1 on the Census Household form. Remote The term ‘Remote’ is used in this publication to indicate those respondents living in areas that lie within either the ‘Very Remote Australia’ or ‘Remote Australia’ categories of the Australian Standard Geographical Classification Remoteness structure (see Remoteness Area). Non-remote areas are those that lie within the ‘Major Cities of Australia’, the ‘Inner Regional Australia’ and the ‘Outer Regional Australia’ categories. The term may also refer to the Remoteness Area classification ‘Remote Australia’ when presented in the context of other Remoteness classifications (see Remoteness Area). Remote Australia See Remoteness Area. This term has been abbreviated to ‘Remote’ in graphs presented within this publication. Remoteness Area Within a state or territory, each Remoteness Area represents an aggregation of non-contiguous geographical areas which share common characteristics of remoteness, determined in the context of Australia as a whole. The delimitation criteria for Remoteness Areas are based on the Accessibility/Remoteness Index of Australia (ARIA) developed by the Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care and the National Key Centre for Social Applications of GIS. ARIA measures the remoteness of a point based on the physical road distances to the nearest Urban Centre in each of the five size classes. Therefore, not all Remoteness Areas are represented in each state or territory. There are six Remoteness Areas in this structure:
Risk factor An aspect of lifestyle or behaviour, a health condition, an environmental exposure, or an inborn or inherited characteristic, known to be associated with health-related conditions considered important to prevent. Rural Rural localities and towns with a total population of under 1,000 people. Most remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities are included in this category. See also Section of state. ‘Rural’ also forms part of the Rural, Remote and Metropolitan Areas Classification (RRMA). RRMA has been used to classify the geographic location of medical practitioners, as reported in Chapter 4. In the classification, ‘rural’ zone includes small rural centres (urban centre population between 10,000 and 24,999), large rural centres (urban centre population between 25,000 and 99,000), and other rural centres (urban centre population less than 10,000), with each having an index of remoteness less than 10.5. More information on RRMA is available elsewhere (Department of Primary Industries and Energy and Department of Human Services and Health 1994). Section of state Within a state or territory, each Section of state represents an aggregation of non-contiguous geographic areas of a particular urban/rural type. The Sections of state within each state and territory are:
Self-assessed health status Refers to respondents’ perception of own general health status. In the National Health Survey and the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Survey, respondents were asked to rate their health as excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor. Smoker status The definitions of smoking vary slightly from survey to survey. In the 2001 National Health Survey, smoking status was collected from adults aged 18 years and over, and referred to regular smoking (at the time of the interview) of tobacco, including manufactured (packet) cigarettes, roll-your-own cigarettes, cigars and pipes, but excluded chewing tobacco and smoking of non-tobacco products. Categorised as:
In the 2001 National Drug Strategy Household Survey, smoking status was collected from all persons aged 14 years and over, and categorised as:
Torres Strait Islander A person who identifies himself or herself to be of Torres Strait Islander origin. See also Indigenous. Underlying cause of death The disease or injury which initiated the morbid train of events leading directly to death. Accidental and violent deaths are classified to the external cause, that is, to the circumstance of the accident or violence which produced the fatal injury rather than to the nature of the injury. Unemployed In the Census, unemployed people are those who, during the week prior to Census night, did not have a job but were actively looking for work (either full-time or part-time) and were available to start work. Unemployment rate The unemployment rate is the number of unemployed people expressed as a percentage of the labour force (i.e. employed plus unemployed persons). Urban See Section of state. Usual daily serves of fruit Refers to the number of serves of fruit (excluding drinks and beverages) usually consumed each day, as reported by the respondent. A serve is approximately 150 grams of fresh fruit or 50 grams of dried fruit. Low usual daily fruit intake is defined as eating one serve or less per day, which includes not eating fruit at all. Usual daily serves of vegetables Refers to the number of serves of vegetables (excluding drinks and beverages) usually consumed each day, as reported by the respondent. A serve is approximately half a cup of cooked vegetables or one cup of salad vegetables - equivalent to approximately 75 grams. Low usual daily vegetable intake is defined as eating one serve or less per day, which includes not eating vegetables at all. Usual residence Refers to the place where the person has lived or intends to live for a total of six months or more, as indicated during Census collection. Very Remote Australia See Remoteness Area. This term has been abbreviated to ‘Very Remote’ in tables and graphs presented within this publication. Document Selection These documents will be presented in a new window.
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