1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2007
ARCHIVED ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 24/01/2007
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CHRONIC DISEASE
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Cardiovascular disease, also known as 'circulatory disease', comprises all diseases and conditions involving the heart and blood vessels including high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular diseases. Although the death rates from cardiovascular disease in Australia have notably decreased over the last three decades, this group of diseases remains as one of the leading causes of death in Australia. Total health expenditure attributable to cardiovascular disease is $5.5b, which accounts for 10.9% of allocated recurrent health system expenditure in 2000-01 (table 9.27). Morbidity The 2004-05 NHS indicated that around 3.5 million Australians (18%) reported having a circulatory system condition as a long-term condition (having lasted or being expected to last for six months or more). The most common cardiovascular condition reported was hypertension (high blood pressure) which affected 11% of the population. The prevalence of long-term circulatory system conditions increases with age. For people aged 55 years and over, the prevalence of all circulatory system conditions is 46%. The prevalence of hypertension is 33%, and ischaemic heart disease (also called coronary heart disease) is 7%. The prevalence of cerebrovascular disease (stroke) is 2%. Mortality Despite declines in mortality rates in the last 30 years, cardiovascular disease (or diseases of the circulatory system) remains as one of the leading cause of death in Australia in 2004, accounting for 47,637 or 36% of all deaths. Ischaemic heart disease accounted for 19% of all deaths, and cerebrovascular diseases a further 9%. Between 1994 and 2004, age-standardised death rates for diseases of the circulatory system declined by 40% for males (from 441 to 267 per 100,000 population), and 38% for females (from 300 to 186 per 100,000 population). In the same period age-standardised death rates for people declined from 363 to 223 per 100,000 population (graph 9.28). ARTHRITIS AND OTHER MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis are the most commonly occurring musculoskeletal conditions. Although they are not immediately life threatening and have low associated mortality, they have substantial influence on the quality of life and impose a heavy economic burden on the community. Total health expenditure attributable to musculoskeletal diseases is $4.6b, which accounts for 9.2% of allocated recurrent health system expenditure in 2000-01 (table 9.27). Osteoarthritis is one of the most common types of arthritis and affects the cartilage in the joints. Cartilage cushions the ends of bones where bones meet to form a joint. In osteoarthritis this cartilage degenerates. Osteoarthritis is most commonly found in the knees, neck, lower back, hip and fingers. Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common form of inflammatory arthritis. Inflammatory arthritis is characterised by joint swelling and destruction. In rheumatoid arthritis the immune system attacks the tissues lining the joints. As a result of this attack, inflammation occurs causing pain, heat and swelling. The disease can also cause inflammation of connective tissue, blood vessels and organs. Osteoporosis (porous bones) is a disease where bone density and structural quality deteriorate, leading to an increased risk of fracture. The most common sites of fracture are the bones of the spine, the hip and the wrist. However other bones are commonly affected, including the shoulder, ribs and the pelvis. Morbidity The 2004-05 NHS shows over 3 million Australians (15%) had some form of arthritis and over half a million Australians (3%) had osteoporosis. The prevalence is greater in females for all ages. The overall prevalence of arthritis is 18% for females compared with 13% for males, while the prevalence of osteoporosis is 5% for females and 1% for males. The prevalence of arthritis and osteoporosis was increasingly higher for older age groups in 2004-05 (graph 9.29). For people aged 65-74 years and 75 years and over, the prevalence of arthritis was 49% and 50% respectively, while the prevalence of osteoporosis was 12% and 17% respectively. INJURIES AND DEATHS DUE TO EXTERNAL CAUSES Injury and poisoning are broad terms that encompass the adverse effects on the human body that may result from events. These events may be accidental, such as falls, vehicle accidents and exposure to chemicals, or intentional such as suicide attempts and assaults by other people. Such events, and the factors involved in them, are collectively known as 'external causes of injury and poisoning', and are a significant source of preventable illness, disability and premature death in Australia. Males and females, and people in different age groups, experience different levels and types of risk from injury events (risk in this sense refers to both the probability of an injury event occurring and the severity of the injuries that may result). Morbidity Respondents to the 2004-05 NHS were asked about events in the four weeks prior to interview that resulted in an injury for which they had sought medical treatment or taken some other action. Detailed information was collected about the most recent injury event in that period. Injuries data from the survey are presented in graph 9.30 and highlight differences in the reporting of injury events among males and females of different age groups. During the 1990s, the number of people dying as a result of injury from traffic accidents decreased. However, traffic accidents remain a serious source of preventable death, injury and disability. Results from the 2004-05 NHS indicate two in 1,000 people experienced a recent injury as a result of a vehicle accident. Inexperienced road users are an acknowledged risk group in terms of the potential for death or injury from vehicle accidents. Results from the 2004-05 NHS show people aged 15-34 years experienced a higher rate of recent injury from vehicle accidents compared with people aged 35 years and over (graph 9.31). Mortality External causes were responsible for 7,966 deaths (6% of all deaths) registered in 2004 (table 9.32). Since 1994 there has been a 7% decrease in the standardised death rate for deaths from external causes of injury and poisoning. This decrease has been influenced largely by the decline in deaths from motor vehicle accidents. In 2004, suicide and transport accidents accounted for nearly half of all deaths due to external causes. There were 2,098 deaths attributed to intentional self-harm (suicide) in 2004, accounting for 26% of the total deaths from external causes. Transport accidents accounted for 1,689 deaths, or 21% of total registered deaths in 2004 due to external causes. There was a much higher crude death rate for males than for females for both suicide (16.6 to 4.3 per 100,000) and transport accidents (12.4 to 4.5). The crude death rate for deaths resulting from falls was higher for females (4.5) than for males (4.2).
MENTAL HEALTH Most people in Australia enjoy good mental health. However, in 2004-05, approximately 2.1 million people (11% of the population) reported having a long-term mental or behavioural problem that had lasted, or was expected to last, for six months or more. Mental illness is not a major direct cause of death, but it is associated with a proportion of deaths due to suicide and some other conditions, and can lead to chronic disability. Mental ill health is one of the leading causes of non-fatal burden of disease and injury in Australia. Together, mental disorders accounted for 7.5% of allocated recurrent health system expenditure in 2000-01 (table 9.27). Morbidity In the 2004-05 NHS, information on long-term mental and behavioural problems was collected from all respondents. A long-term condition was defined as one which the respondent regarded as having lasted or was expecting to last six months or more. Respondents in the survey were not specifically asked if they had been diagnosed with any mental disorders, so the information they provided could be based on self-diagnosis rather than diagnosis by a health professional. In 2004-05, 11% of the Australian population reported that they had a long-term mental or behavioural problem. Proportionally more females (11%) than males (10%) reported these problems. The most commonly reported problems for adults (aged 18 years and over) were classified into two groups - anxiety-related problems, and mood (affective) problems such as depression and bipolar disorder. Each were reported by approximately 5% of all males and 7% of all females. In addition, around 1% of the population reported that they had a mental and behavioural disorder due to substance use (graph 9.33). CANCER Cancer is a disease of the body's cells. Normally, cells grow and reproduce in an orderly manner. Sometimes, though, abnormal cells will grow. These abnormal cells may then reproduce and spread uncontrolled throughout the body. Cancer is the term used to describe about 100 different diseases including malignant tumours, leukaemia (a disorder of the white blood cells), sarcoma of the bones, Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (affecting the lymph nodes) in which uncontrolled cell growth threatens the rest of the body. Cancer is a major cause of death in Australia and accounted for 5.8% of allocated recurrent health system expenditure in 2000-01 (table 9.27). Morbidity In the 2004-05 NHS, an estimated 338,300 Australians (1.7%) reported they currently had a malignant neoplasm. The AIHW Cancer Registry data shows there were 88,398 registered new cancer cases in 2001. The most common registrable cancers are the combination of cancers of the colon and rectum (12,844), breast cancer (11,886), prostate cancer (11,191), melanoma (8,885) and lung cancer (8,275). Together they accounted for 60% of all registrable new cancer cases in that year. Cancer occurs more commonly in males than females. At the incidence rates prevailing in 2001, it would be expected that one in three men, and one in four women would be diagnosed with a malignant cancer before the age of 75 years. Mortality In 2004 malignant neoplasms (cancer) accounted for 37,625 deaths (excluding deaths from non-melanocytic skin cancer), or 28% of all deaths registered (table 9.34). Of these, there were 21,127 male deaths and 16,498 female deaths. Overall, cancer of the trachea, bronchus and lung was the leading cause of cancer deaths, accounting for 19% of all cancer deaths. There were some differences in cancer death rates between males and females. Among males, the leading causes of cancer deaths were cancer of the trachea, bronchus and lung (22% of all male cancer deaths), prostate cancer (13%) and colon cancer (7%). Among females the leading causes of cancer deaths were breast cancer (16% of all female cancer deaths), cancer of the trachea, bronchus and lung (15%) and colon cancer (8%). Age-specific death rates for cancer increased markedly with age, and, in most age groups, were greater for males than for females. Mortality is influenced by the number of new cases of cancer (incidence) and the length of time lived after the initial diagnosis of cancer is made (survival). Relative survival is a measure that takes into consideration the crude survival (time between diagnosis and death) in the cancer population, and the corresponding expected survival in the general population. Expressed as a percentage, it is the cancer population that survives a specific number of years after the diagnosis divided by the general population that survives the same number of years. In the general population during 1992-97, the expected proportion of males aged 60-69 years who survive for the next five years was 91%. The observed survival rate during 1992-97 after five years for males diagnosed with lung cancer at age 60-69 years is 11%. The five-year relative survival proportion for males diagnosed with lung cancer at age 60-69 years is the ratio of these two percentages, that is 12%. By convention, the proportion of people surviving is measured at one, five and ten years after diagnosis. The periods reflect different stages of management during the life of a person diagnosed. For instance, the proportion of people surviving after one year can be a measure of the success of the interventions on the immediately detectable cancer, whereas five-year and ten-year measurements are strong indicators for remission or cure. During 1992-97 the five-year relative survival proportions for all cancers for females (63%) were higher than those for males (57%) (table 9.34). Australian five-year relative survival proportions for all cancers was ranked second behind the United States of America for both males and females when compared with other western countries for which relative survival data are available.
DIABETES MELLITUS Diabetes is a long-term condition characterised by high blood glucose (a type of sugar) level, which results from either the body producing little or no insulin, or the body not using the insulin properly (insulin resistance). Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps the body cells use glucose. There are three major types of diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes is marked by extremely low levels of insulin. Type 2 diabetes is marked by reduced levels of insulin, or the inability of the body to use insulin properly. Gestational diabetes (which occurs in about 4-6% of pregnancies of women who have not been previously diagnosed with diabetes) is not usually long term. However, for women diagnosed with gestational diabetes, there is an increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life. Diabetes is a costly disease, associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, primarily from cardiovascular complications, eye and kidney diseases, and limb amputations. Total health expenditure attributable to diabetes was $0.8b in 2000-01, accounting for 1.6% of allocated recurrent health system expenditure (table 9.27). Morbidity Results from the 2004-05 NHS indicate approximately 700,000 Australians (around 3.5%) reported having diabetes as a long-term condition. Results from the three successive NHSs show diabetes is a growing health problem in Australia. The prevalence of diabetes has risen from 2.4% in 1995 to 3.0% in 2001, and to 3.5% in 2004-05 (after adjusting for changes in the age-structure of the population over time). People born in some overseas regions have a higher prevalence of diabetes than people born in Australia. This difference may be largely due to a combination of genetic, biological, behavioural and environmental risk factors. For example, in 2001, males born in the Middle East and North Africa had a diabetes prevalence rate 3.6 times that of Australian-born males. The corresponding ratio for females was 2.4. Mortality In 2004 diabetes mellitus was the underlying cause of death in 3,599 deaths, 2.7% of all deaths registered. Of these, 1,869 deaths were males and 1,730 females. The age-standardised death rate due to diabetes was 17 per 100,000 people (21 per 100,000 for males and 14 per 100,000 for females). In addition to deaths where diabetes was the underlying cause, there were a further 8,136 deaths in 2004 where diabetes was listed as an associated (or contributing) cause of death. When diabetes was recorded as the underlying cause of death, other conditions listed as associated causes included ischaemic heart disease (52%), cerebrovascular diseases (23%), renal failure (25%) and heart failure (19%). ASTHMA Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lung's air passages which makes them narrow in response to various triggers. This leads to episodes of shortness of breath and wheezing. Asthma can begin at all ages, including the very young. The disease can start as a mild chronic cough and lead to mild or severe wheezing, and sometimes even to respiratory arrest. Although asthma has low associated mortality, people with asthma can experience reduced quality of life and require a range of health services, from general practitioner care to emergency department visits or hospital in-patient care. It is one of the most frequent reasons for hospitalisation among children aged 0-9 years. The management of asthma is an important public health issue because of the personal burden it places on those with asthma, often with onset in childhood, and the financial burden it places on the health system. In 2000-01 health expenditure on asthma accounted for $0.7b, which represented 1.4% of allocated recurrent health expenditure (table 9.27). Morbidity The prevalence of asthma in Australia is one of the highest in the world, with more than two million Australians (10%) reporting the disease in 2004-05. Asthma is more prevalent in young people than older age groups. For people under 25 years of age, the prevalence of asthma was 12%. Up to 14 years of age, asthma was more common among males than among females. In older age groups, however, asthma was more common among females than among males. Mortality Asthma was identified as the underlying cause of a very small number of deaths (108 males and 205 females), amounting to 0.2% of deaths registered in Australia in 2004. Most asthma deaths occur in older age groups. The most recent peak in asthma deaths occurred in 1989, and age-standardised death rates for asthma have generally declined since then. Changes in coding rules for ICD-10, which apply to deaths data from 1997 onwards, have resulted in substantially decreased recording of asthma as underlying cause of death compared with previous years (see Causes of Death, Australia, 2003 (3303.0)). Consequently, graph 9.35 shows trends for 1997 onwards.
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