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Contents >>
Chapter 24: Value added by industry
Measures at current prices
24.1 Estimates of gross value added are derived at basic prices. The sum of gross value added across all industries plus taxes less subsidies on products equals GDP which is valued at purchases' prices. The current price estimates of gross value added by industry are only produced annually. For years prior to 1994-95 the estimates were derived for the most part using the income approach only. For years from 1994-95 they have been derived in an input-output framework and are in balance with the expenditure estimates for all years prior to the latest complete financial year. The sources and methods used to derive these estimates are spelt out in Chapter 12.
Volume measures
24.2 Quarterly chain volume measures of gross value added by industry are published in the quarterly Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product (Cat. no. 5206.0). These measures are derived by interpolating and extrapolating annual benchmarks using quarterly indicator series. Both the annual benchmarks and the quarterly indicators are calculated as chain volume measures. From 1995-96 the annual benchmarks are obtained from supply and use (S-U) tables compiled in the prices of the previous year. The sources and methods used to derive these benchmarks are described in Chapter 12. For years prior to 1994-95 the annual benchmarks were derived using sources and methods detailed in the previous edition of this manual. The following descriptions of sources and methods relate mainly to the means by which quarterly chain volume indicators of gross value added are calculated. The specific statistical procedures used generally to calculate chain volume measures are outlined in Chapter 10.
24.3 Quarterly chain volume indicators of gross value added in the Australian national accounts are derived using three different methods:
- the output indicator method;
- the input indicator method.
The method selected to obtain chain volume measures for a particular industry depends on the data available in respect of that industry.
24.4 The output indicator method is the one most commonly used by the ABS. It involves extrapolating reference year estimates of current price gross value added using movements in a volume indicator of output. In a few cases the output indicator is just a single statistic, but in most cases it is a composite of several statistics. In no cases do these output statistics precisely meet the national accounts definition of output, but in most cases they approximate the national accounts definition reasonably closely. In some cases the output statistics are merely highly correlated with the national accounts definition of output, as when turnover data are used as the output indicator for wholesale and retail trade. The principal output of these industries is their margin on the goods they sell (the margin is the difference between the price at which goods are sold and the price at which those goods are bought by the wholesaler or retailer).
24.5 Most industries produce many different commodities, and the ratio of output to value added can differ appreciably between industries and over time. Hence, in constructing a composite output indicator to be used as an indicator of growth in real value added, it is best for the constituent output statistics to be weighted together using current price value added data, and for re-weighting to occur as frequently as possible. The availability of current price value added data varies considerably between industries.
24.6 Double deflation requires that, before chaining, volume measures of intermediate input are subtracted from volume measures of output, both valued in the prices of the previous year. This method is used for Agriculture. The third method, the input indicator method, involves extrapolation using a measure of labour input such as hours worked, and is used to obtain estimates for Government Administration and Defence, Education, Health and Community Services, and Property and Business Services; it is also used in part for Personal and Other Services.
24.7 The volume estimates of gross value added for each industry are derived in the prices of the previous year. Chaining takes place after aggregation.
24.8 For a description of the industries appearing in this section see Appendix 1 (Classifications). The industry classification used is the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC) (1993 edition). The ANZSIC codes are shown, where appropriate, in brackets after each industry and component title. A description of the special national accounts 'industry' Ownership of Dwellings is included in Chapter 20.
Data sources and method of estimation
24.9 Tables 24.1 to 24.19 set out the data sources and methods used to derive quarterly chain volume measures of gross value added for the industries published in Cat. no. 5206.0.
24.1 QUARTERLY CHAIN VOLUME MEASURES OF GROSS VALUE ADDED BY INDUSTRY - AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHING (DIVISION A)
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Industry/Aggregate/Item | Data sources/Method of estimation |
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Gross value added | Sum of estimates for Agriculture (01) and Services to Agriculture (021), Hunting and Trapping (022) Forestry and Logging (03) and Commercial Fishing (04), as described below. |
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Agriculture (01) and Services to Agriculture (02) |
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Gross value added |
The double deflation method is used. Prior to chaining, volume measures of output and intermediate input in the prices of the previous year are derived, as described below, with the difference between the two components being the gross value added estimate.
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| Output | Volume measures of output in the prices of the previous year for most commodities are derived by quantity revaluation. The sources of current price estimates and quantity data used to derive those volume measures of outputs are detailed in Chapter 20. Volume measures of output in the prices of the previous year for the remaining commodities are derived by deflation using implicit price deflators obtained for similar commodities.
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| Intermediate input | The sum of marketing costs, fodder, seed, fertiliser and other intermediate inputs (fuel, maintenance of plant and structures, chemicals, insurance, etc.), as described below. The sources of current price estimates and quantity data used to derive volume measures of these inputs are detailed in Chapter 20.
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| | Marketing costs | Volume estimates in the prices of the previous year are derived for 13 commodity groups by using chain volume measures of the output of each group to extrapolate the previous year's current price value and then adding the results together.
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| | Fodder, seed | Manufactured fodder is revalued by components of Price Indexes of Articles Produced by Manufacturing Industry, Australia (Cat. no. 6412.0). All other components are revalued using price indexes derived from unit price data which have been adjusted in some cases to allow for timing differences between production of the commodities and their use as fodder or seed.
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| | Fertiliser | Volume estimates in the prices of the previous year are derived by quantity revaluation.
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| | Other intermediate inputs | Current price estimates are revalued using the relevant component indexes of Index of Prices Received and Paid by Farmers (Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics). |
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Forestry and Logging (03), Commercial Fishing (04) |
| Gross value added | Output indicator method is used both Forestry and Logging (03) and Commercial Fishing (04), as described below. |
| Output
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| Forestry and logging (03) | Volume estimates in the prices of the previous year are derived by quantity revaluation using production data for softwood, hardwood and sleepers as published in Timber Supply Review (Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics). The current price estimates are derived from data contained in Forest Products Statistics (Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics).
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| | Commercial fishing (04) | Quarterly volume measures are derived by linear trend interpolation of annual estimates. Annual estimates for this purpose are obtained by quantity revaluation of the major commodities using quantity data from Agriculture and Resources Quarterly (Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics). |
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24.2 QUARTERLY CHAIN VOLUME MEASURES OF GROSS VALUE ADDED BY INDUSTRY - MINING (DIVISION B)
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Industry/Aggregate/Item | Data sources/Method of estimation |
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Gross value added | Sum of estimates for Mining (excluding Services to Mining) (11 to 14) and Services to Mining (15) as described below. |
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Mining (excluding Services to Mining) (11 to 14) | |
| Gross value added | Output indicator method. Volume measures of output in the prices of the previous year are derived for major ANZSIC classes by quantity revaluation using production estimates. Output estimates are calculated for the following ANZSIC classes: 1101, 1102, 1200 and 1311 to 1319. The remaining ANZSIC classes are assumed to have the same combined growth rate as these ANZSIC classes. The production estimates used are obtained from data contained in Quarterly Mineral Statistics (Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics) and Australian Mining Industry (Cat. no. 8414.0). Prior to chaining, volume estimates of value added in the prices of the previous year are obtained for each of the eleven classes referred to above. These are then summed and chained. |
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Services to Mining (15) | |
| Gross value added | Output indicator method. There are no industry based statistics relating to Services to Mining (15) available for gross value added estimation. As activity in this industry is largely in the area of exploration, the data used for current price value estimation are obtained from Mineral and Petroleum Exploration, Australia (Cat. no. 8412.0). Private exploration on production leases is excluded, since that activity is recorded as an input item by mining establishments in the Census of Mining Establishments. While the bulk of the Services to Mining industry comprises exploration activity, the data in Mineral and Petroleum Exploration, Australia (Cat. no. 8412.0) will overstate activity in the industry to the extent that they include activity undertaken by establishments not classified to this industry (e.g. the services of chartered aircraft).
Conversely, the data in Cat. no. 8412.0 will understate activity in the industry to the extent that they exclude activity by establishments in the Services to Mining industry not engaged in exploration (e.g. contract drillers operating on production leases).
Current price value estimates are revalued by a fixed-weighted index consisting of price indexes of motor vehicle parts and equipment, mining and drilling machinery taken from Price Indexes of Articles Produced by Manufacturing Industry (Cat. no. 6412.0) and Import Price Index (Cat. no. 6414.0), Price Index of Materials Used in Building Other than House Building, Six State Capital Cities (Cat. no. 6408.0), and wage rates in the mining and quarrying industry taken from Wage Cost Index (Cat. no. 6345.0). |
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24.3 QUARTERLY CHAIN VOLUME MEASURES OF GROSS VALUE ADDED BY INDUSTRY - MANUFACTURING (DIVISION C)
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Industry/Aggregate/Item | Data sources/Method of estimation |
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Gross value added | The output indicator method is applied at the subdivision level. Chain volume measures of gross value added for total Manufacturing and each of its nine subdivisions are derived in a three step process.
(i) Estimates of output in the prices of the previous year are derived for each subdivision by combining estimates of sales of manufactured goods, other operating revenue (where significant) and changes in the level of inventories of finished goods and work-in-progress.
(ii) These estimates of output in the prices of the previous year are then used to extrapolate the previous year's current price values of gross value added (or the latest current price values when these are unavailable) to obtain estimates of gross value added in the prices of the previous year.
(iii) Chain volume estimates of gross value added are then formed for each subdivision. The subdivision estimates in the prices of the previous year are summed and then chained to form chain volume estimates for total Manufacturing.
Current price estimates for each of the output components are obtained from a quarterly survey of private enterprises, conducted by the ABS. Volume measures, in the prices of the previous year, of petroleum and coal output in the Petroleum, Coal, Chemical and Associated Product Manufacturing industry are obtained by revaluing quantity data for a range of petroleum and coal products, published in Australian Petroleum Statistics (Department of Industry, Science and Resources (DISR)). Volume measures of all components of output in all other industry groups and the remaining components in the Petroleum, Coal, Chemical and Associated Product Manufacturing industry are derived, in the prices of the previous year, by deflation using fixed weighted price indexes consisting mainly of components of Price Indexes of Articles Produced by Manufacturing Industry, Australia (Cat. no. 6412.0) and Price Indexes of Materials Used in Manufacturing Industries, Australia (Cat. no. 6411.0).
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24.4 QUARTERLY CHAIN VOLUME MEASURES OF GROSS VALUE ADDEDBY INDUSTRY - ELECTRICITY, GAS AND WATER SUPPLY (DIVISION D)
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Industry/Aggregate/Item | Data sources/Method of estimation |
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Gross value added | Sum of gross value added estimates for Electricity Supply (361), Gas Supply (362) and Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Services (37), as described below.
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Electricity Supply (361) |
| Gross value added | Output indicator method. The output indicator is the quarterly quantity of electricity produced, published in Manufacturing Production, Australia (Preliminary) (Cat. no. 8301.0). |
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Gas Supply (362) |
| Gross value added | Output indicator method. The output indicator is the quarterly quantity of gas available through mains, as published in Manufacturing Production, Australia (Cat. no. 8301.0).
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Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Services (37) |
| Gross value added | Output indicator method. The output indicator is obtained by quantity revaluation of data supplied by a selection of State and local government authorities. |
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24.5 QUARTERLY CHAIN VOLUME MEASURES OF GROSS VALUE ADDED BY INDUSTRY - CONSTRUCTION (DIVISION E)
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Industry/Aggregate/Item | Data sources/Method of estimation |
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Gross value added | Output indicator method. Volume measures of the value of work done in the prices of the previous year are derived by the revaluation of current price estimates from Building Activity, Australia (Cat. no. 8752.0) and Engineering Construction Activity, Australia (Cat. no. 8762.0) at a very detailed level. They are then summed to the five aggregates below, and weighted together using value added data from the 1988-89 Construction Industry Survey.
- house construction;
- alterations and additions to dwellings;
- non-house dwelling construction;
- non-dwelling building; and
- non-building construction.
For details of the deflators used to revalue the current price estimates of the value of work done, refer to the description of the volume measurement of the construction components of gross fixed capital formation (Chapter 15).
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24.6 QUARTERLY CHAIN VOLUME MEASURES OF GROSS VALUE ADDED BY INDUSTRY - WHOLESALE TRADE (DIVISION F)
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Industry/Aggregate/Item | Data sources/Method of estimation |
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Gross value added | Output indicator method. The output indicator is derived by weighting together volume measures of wholesale turnover using value added weights from the 1991-92 Wholesale Trade Survey and from annual Economic Activity Surveys. The wholesale turnover data used are current price data taken from Inventories and Sales, Selected Industries (Cat. no. 5629.0). As these sales estimates only include those made by private firms, sales by public marketing authorities (obtained from ABS Public Finance Statistics) are also included.
An exception is made in the case of petroleum wholesale sales, where quantity data from DISR are used as a volume indicator.
As there are no readily available wholesale price indexes, the deflators used to convert current price wholesale sales into volume measures are obtained by weighting together manufacturing output price indexes and import price indexes taken from Price Indexes of Articles Produced by Manufacturing Industry (Cat. no. 6412.0) and Import Price Index (Cat. no. 6414.0). |
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24.7 QUARTERLY CHAIN VOLUME MEASURES OF GROSS VALUE ADDED BY INDUSTRY - RETAIL TRADE (DIVISION G)
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Industry/Aggregate/Item | Data sources/Method of estimation |
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Gross value added | Output indicator method. The output indicator is derived by weighting together volume measures of turnover using value added weights. These weights are obtained from the 1991-92 Census of Retail Establishments and from annual Economic Activity Surveys. The volume estimates of retail turnover are derived through revaluation (using price data largely from Consumer Price Index (Cat. no. 6401.0)) of current price estimates of industry turnover published in Retail Trade, Australia (Cat. no. 8501.0) and data on new motor vehicle registrations and motor vehicle operations (see Chapter 14 for further details). |
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24.8 QUARTERLY CHAIN VOLUME MEASURES OF GROSS VALUE ADDED BY INDUSTRY - ACCOMMODATION, CAFES AND RESTAURANTS (DIVISION H)
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Industry/Aggregate/Item | Data sources/Method of estimation |
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Gross value added | Output indicator method. Volume measures of output are constructed from data on cafes and restaurants, and tourist accommodation. Turnover for cafes and restaurants from Retail Trade, Australia (Cat. no. 8501.0), is revalued by a component of the CPI. For accommodation, the number of guest nights from Tourist Accommodation, Australia (Cat. no. 8635.0) is quantity revalued. |
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24.9 QUARTERLY CHAIN VOLUME MEASURES OF GROSS VALUE ADDED BY INDUSTRY - TRANSPORT AND STORAGE (DIVISION I)
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| | Industry/ Aggregate /Item | | Data sources/Method of estimation |
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Gross value added | | Incorporates chain volume measures of gross value added for Road Transport (61), Rail, Pipeline and Other Transport (62 and 65), Water Transport (63), Air and Space Transport ( 64), and Transport Services and Storage (66 and 67). |
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Road Transport (61) | | |
| Gross value added | | Combines volume measures of Road Freight Transport (611), Long Distance Bus Transport (6121), Short Distance Bus Transport (Including Tramway) (6122), and Taxi and Other Road Passenger Transport (6123).
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| | Road Freight Transport (611) | | Output indicator method. At present there are no suitable quarterly output statistics for road freight. The output statistics used are volume estimates of wholesale turnover (see entry for Wholesale Trade above). These are weighted together using transport margins.
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| | Long Distance Bus Transport (6121) and Short Distance Bus Transport (Including Tramway) (6122) | | Output indicator method. Current price estimates of household final consumption expenditure on bus and tram transport are revalued by components of Consumer Price Index (Cat. no. 6401.0) to form an output indicator.
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| | Taxi and Other Road Passenger Transport (6123) | | Output indicator method. Current price estimates of household final consumption expenditure on taxi transport are revalued by components of Consumer Price Index (Cat. no. 6401.0) to form an output indicator.
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Rail, Pipeline and Other Transport (62 and 65) | | Combines volume measures for Rail Transport (62) and Pipeline and Other Transport (65). |
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Rail Transport (62) | | |
| Gross value added | | Combines volume measures for public and private rail gross value added, as described below.
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| | Public rail services | | Output indicator method. The output indicator comprises volume measures of expenditure on passenger and freight services combined. Volume measures of expenditure on passenger services are derived by deflation of estimates of household final consumption expenditure on rail fares using components of Consumer Price Index (Cat. no. 6401.0). Volume measures of expenditure on freight services are derived by extrapolating revenue in the reference year using tonne-kilometres of freight carried, obtained from the State and Commonwealth rail authorities.
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| | Private rail services | | Output indicator method. The output indicator is quantity of freight carried. The quarterly estimates of quantity are derived by interpolating and extrapolating annual tonnes of freight carried, obtained from Australian Non-Government Railways: Operating Statistics (Department of Transport and Regional Services), using a quarterly index of private rail activity published in Transport Indicators (Department of Transport and Regional Services).
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Pipeline and other Transport (65) | | No quarterly data are collected for this industry. A reference year estimate of gross value added is extrapolated by the measure for rail transport. |
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Water Transport (63) | | |
| Gross Value Added | | Output indicator method. The output indicator is formed from quantities of cargo (coastal and overseas) carried by Australian registered vessels, measured in revenue tonnes and weighted by the revenue earned in the reference year.
The quarterly estimates of quantities of cargo carried by Australian registered vessels are collected from six major ports, namely Sydney, Melbourne, Fremantle, Brisbane, Adelaide and Gladstone. |
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Air and Space Transport (64) | | |
| Gross Value Added | | Output indicator method. Output is measured by a volume measure of passenger, freight and mail revenues of major airlines. Volume measures of passenger traffic revenue, and freight and mail traffic revenues combined, are obtained by extrapolating reference year revenue using data on passenger-kilometres and tonne-kilometres, respectively (where tonne-kilometres data are unavailable, tonnes data are used). Revenue and quantity data are obtained from the major airlines and from the Department of Transport and Regional Services. |
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Transport Services and Storage (66 and 67) |
| Gross Value Added | | Combines separate volume measures for Transport Services (66) and Storage (67).
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| Transport Services (66) | | Combines separate measures for Services to Road Transport (661), Services to Water Transport (662), and Services to Air Transport (663).
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| | Services to Road Transport (661) | | Output indicator method. Current price car park revenue is revalued separately by the corresponding car park operators' charges, and then combined to form the output indicator.
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| | Services to Water Transport (662) | | Combines separate measures for Stevedoring (6621) and Port Operators (6623).
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| | Stevedoring (6621) | | Output indicator method. The output indicator is the quantity of different types of cargo handled by stevedores weighted by revenue earned in the reference year.
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| | Port Operators (6623) | | Output indicator method. The output indicator is the quantity of cargo loaded and unloaded. The quarterly estimates of cargo are obtained from the same ports noted above for Water Transport.
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| | Services to Air Transport (663) | | Output indicator method. The output indicator is revenue. Current price estimates of both revenue and prices are collected from the Civil Aviation Authority.
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| Storage (67) | | No quarterly data are collected for this industry. A reference year estimate of gross value added is extrapolated by a combined measure of estimates for Road Transport (61), Rail Transport (62), Water Transport (63), Air and Space Transport (64) and Services to Transport (66). |
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24.10 QUARTERLY CHAIN VOLUME MEASURES OF GROSS VALUE ADDED BY INDUSTRY - COMMUNICATION SERVICES (DIVISION J)
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Industry/Aggregate/Item | Data sources/Method of estimation |
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Gross value added | Output indicator method. Output is measured as the combined revenue of the major suppliers of communication services. Revenue and quantity data are obtained directly from the major businesses in the industry. Revenue data are revalued using price data largely from Consumer Price Index (Cat. no. 6401.0). |
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24.11 QUARTERLY CHAIN VOLUME MEASURES OF GROSS VALUE ADDED BY INDUSTRY - FINANCE AND INSURANCE (DIVISION K)
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Industry/Aggregate/Item | Data sources/Method of estimation |
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Gross value added | Sum of estimates for Finance (73) and Insurance (74) as described below.
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Finance (73) | Output indicator method. A quarterly output indicator is obtained by interpolating annual output estimates. The annual output estimates are derived as the sum of FISIM, explicit service charges and gross rent of banks and other financial institutions. The quarterly interpolator is the real assets of banks. The implicit price deflator for domestic final demand is the deflator used to derive the latter.
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Insurance (74) | |
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Output indicator method. A quarterly output indicator is obtained by linear interpolation of annual output estimates. The annual output estimates are derived as the sum of premiums collected and investment income earned by insurance companies. |
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24.12 QUARTERLY CHAIN VOLUME MEASURES OF GROSS VALUE ADDED BY INDUSTRY - PROPERTY AND BUSINESS SERVICES (DIVISION L)
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Industry/Aggregate/Item | Data sources/Method of estimation |
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Gross value added | Input indicator method using hours worked. These are derived by multiplying average hours worked (published in Labour Force, Australia (Cat. no. 6203.0)) by employment data.
Employment estimates are based on the numbers of employees published in Wage and Salary Earners, Australia (Cat. no. 6248.0) and the numbers of non-wage and salary earners published in Labour Force, Australia (Cat. no. 6203.0). |
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24.13 QUARTERLY CHAIN VOLUME MEASURES OF GROSS VALUE ADDED BY INDUSTRY - GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION AND DEFENCE (DIVISION M)
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Industry/Aggregate/Item | Data sources/Method of estimation |
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Gross value added | Input indicator method using hours worked. These are derived by multiplying average hours worked (published in Labour Force, Australia (Cat. no. 6203.0) by employment data. Estimates of employment are derived as the sum of civilian employment and defence force personnel. The sources of the former are the same as those outlined above for Property and Business Services (Division L). Data for the latter are provided by the Department of Defence. |
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24.14 QUARTERLY CHAIN VOLUME MEASURES OF GROSS VALUE ADDED BY INDUSTRY - EDUCATION (DIVISION N)
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Industry/Aggregate/Item | Data sources/Method of estimation |
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Gross value added | Input indicator method using hours worked. The sources of these estimates of hours worked are the same as those outlined above for Property and Business Services (Division L). |
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24.15 QUARTERLY CHAIN VOLUME MEASURES OF GROSS VALUE ADDED BY INDUSTRY - HEALTH AND COMMUNITY SERVICES (DIVISION O)
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Industry/Aggregate/Item | Data sources/Method of estimation |
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Gross value added | Input indicator method using hours worked. The sources of the estimates of hours worked are the same as those outlined above for Property and Business Services (Division L). |
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24.16 QUARTERLY CHAIN VOLUME MEASURES OF GROSS VALUE ADDED BY INDUSTRY - CULTURAL AND RECREATIONAL SERVICES (DIVISION P)
24.17 QUARTERLY CHAIN VOLUME MEASURES OF GROSS VALUE ADDED BY INDUSTRY - PERSONAL AND OTHER SERVICES (DIVISION Q)
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Industry/Aggregate/Item | Data sources/Method of estimation |
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Gross value added | Output indicator method. The output indicator is derived by combining various output statistics for the activities described below. They are weighted together using value added data.
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| Hairdressing and video outlets | Current price estimates of turnover from the monthly retail survey are revalued by components of Consumer Price Index (Cat. no. 6401.0).
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| Funeral services | The estimate of household final consumption expenditure for the reference year is extrapolated using number of deaths as published in Australian Demographic Statistics (Cat. no. 3101.0).
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| Repairs and dry cleaning | Current price estimates of household final consumption expenditure are revalued by components of Consumer Price Index (Cat. no. 6401.0).
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| Law, order and public safety | Annual current price estimates of government final consumption expenditure are revalued by a combined index of wage rates and materials prices taken from Wage Cost Index (Cat. no. 6345.0), Price Indexes of Articles Produced by Manufacturing Industry (Cat. no. 6412.0) and Import Price Index (Cat. no. 6414.0). Quarterly estimates are obtained by linear trend interpolation of the annual estimates. |
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24.18 QUARTERLY CHAIN VOLUME MEASURES OF GROSS VALUE ADDED BY INDUSTRY - OWNERSHIP OF DWELLINGS
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Industry/ Aggregate/Item | Data sources/Method of estimation |
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Gross value added | Output indicator method. The output indicator is household final consumption expenditure on dwelling rent, including the imputed owner-occupier element. |
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24.19 QUARTERLY CHAIN VOLUME MEASURES OF GROSS VALUE ADDED BY INDUSTRY - TAXES LESS SUBSIDIES ON PRODUCTS
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Industry/Aggregate/Item | Data sources/Method of estimation |
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Taxes less subsidies on products | A reference year estimate of each of the major taxes and subsidies is extrapolated using a volume indicator of the corresponding activity. |
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