7. How are studies constructed and how is causation established in observational studies?
As you might remember from Module 1 it is difficult to establish causation from an observational study . In observational studies (which are very common) it is difficult to argue that an association shows that one variable causes the changes observed in another variable. But we can use observational data to show strong association.
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
