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International trade in services covers all services rendered by Australian residents to non-residents (exports) and by non-residents to residents (imports), where services are broadly defined as products other than tangible goods. As international trade in services cover a diverse range of activities, a variety of data sources and methods are used to compile estimates of the different service types.
Conceptual framework
Australia's international trade in services statistics are compiled in accordance with the fifth edition of the International Monetary Fund's Balance of Payments Manual, fifth edition. More information on the concepts, sources and methods used to produce Australia's international trade in services statistics is included in Balance of Payments and International Investment Position, Australia: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 1998 (5331.0).
Classification
The international standard for the classification of international trade in services is defined in the BPM5 framework. This framework has been further elaborated in the 'Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification', as detailed in the UN publication Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services, 2002.
International trade in services statistics are compiled for transportation, travel, communications, construction, computer and information services, royalties and licence fees, other business services, personal, cultural and recreational services and government services. Some information is also available by partner country and state.
Statistical overview
In current price terms, Australia's international trade in services balance in 2003-04 recorded a deficit of $0.4b, an increase of $0.1b on the $0.3b deficit recorded in 2002-03. Services exports (credits) rose by $1.4b (4.4%) to $34.0b and services imports (debits) rose by $1.5b to $34.4b (4.6%). Table 30.26 provides details of Australia's international trade in services, by service type.
The largest country contributor to the overall net deficit on services was the United States of America with a deficit of $0.9b. Net deficits were recorded for most European trading partners, with Switzerland recording the largest at $0.6b. Australia recorded a net surplus with a number of its Asian trading partners, the largest being with Japan at $1.3b. Australia also recorded a net surplus of $0.5b with New Zealand. Tables 30.27 and 30.28 provides details of Australia's international trade in services, by partner country and country groups.
30.26 INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES, By service type
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| | 1998-99 | 1999-2000 | 2000-01 | 2001-02 | 2002-03 | 2003-04 |
| | $m | $m | $m | $m | $m | $m |
|
EXPORTS |
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Transportation services | 6,803 | 6,865 | 8,062 | 7,665 | 7,467 | 7,564 |
| Passenger | 5,604 | 5,848 | 7,024 | 6,664 | 6,547 | 6,655 |
| Freight | 1,199 | 1,017 | 1,038 | 1,001 | 920 | 909 |
| Other | (a)n.p. | (a)n.p. | (a)n.p. | (a)n.p. | (a)n.p. | (a)n.p. |
Travel services | 11,944 | 13,139 | 15,507 | 15,645 | 15,452 | 17,122 |
| Business | 1,009 | 1,040 | 1,206 | 1,156 | 1,122 | 1,288 |
| Personal | 10,935 | 12,099 | 14,301 | 14,489 | 14,330 | 15,834 |
Communications services | 1,239 | 1,470 | 1,397 | 927 | 1,083 | 882 |
Construction services | 18 | 23 | 68 | 101 | 85 | 78 |
Insurance services | 859 | 766 | 709 | 673 | 673 | 686 |
Financial services | 716 | 886 | 920 | 966 | 984 | 1,004 |
Computer and information services | 676 | 719 | 826 | 981 | 1,091 | 1,128 |
Royalties and licence fees | 488 | 572 | 626 | 515 | 618 | 603 |
Other business services | 2,552 | 2,904 | 3,185 | 3,391 | 3,704 | 3,592 |
| Merchanting and other trade-related | 586 | 501 | 489 | 549 | 509 | 584 |
| Operational leasing | 8 | 15 | 16 | 26 | 25 | 23 |
| Miscellaneous business, professional and technical | 1,958 | 2,388 | 2,680 | 2,816 | 3,170 | 2,985 |
Personal, cultural and recreational services | 388 | 478 | 1,514 | 568 | 610 | 497 |
Government services n.e.i. | 559 | 735 | 733 | 788 | 802 | 832 |
Total | 26,242 | 28,557 | 33,547 | 32,250 | 32,569 | 33,988 |
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IMPORTS |
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Transportation services | 9,367 | 10,018 | 11,352 | 10,776 | 10,960 | 11,590 |
| Passenger | 3,485 | 3,876 | 4,337 | 4,182 | 4,248 | 4,784 |
| Freight | 5,009 | 5,257 | 5,991 | 5,626 | 5,808 | 6,052 |
| Other | 873 | 885 | 1,024 | 968 | 904 | 754 |
Travel services | 9,044 | 9,836 | 11,072 | 10,918 | 11,012 | 12,140 |
| Business | 2,239 | 2,536 | 2,786 | 2,701 | 2,677 | 2,949 |
| Personal | 6,805 | 7,300 | 8,286 | 8,217 | 8,335 | 9,191 |
Communications services | 1,467 | 1,666 | 1,770 | 1,451 | 1,407 | 898 |
Construction services | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Insurance services | 922 | 902 | 878 | 856 | 856 | 874 |
Financial services | 468 | 605 | 592 | 612 | 585 | 576 |
Computer and information services | 424 | 666 | 849 | 884 | 967 | 1,024 |
Royalties and license fees | 1,692 | 1,805 | 1,706 | 1,791 | 1,828 | 2,028 |
Other business services | 3,253 | 3,046 | 3,069 | 3,812 | 3,746 | 3,602 |
| Merchanting and other trade-related | 329 | 221 | 248 | 334 | 369 | 239 |
| Operational leasing | 1,034 | 942 | 1,011 | 948 | 955 | 954 |
| Miscellaneous business, professional and technical | 1,890 | 1,883 | 1,810 | 2,530 | 2,422 | 2,409 |
Personal, cultural and recreational services | 756 | 808 | 767 | 882 | 846 | 909 |
Government services n.e.i. | 633 | 649 | 626 | 649 | 684 | 756 |
Total | 28,026 | 30,001 | 32,681 | 32,631 | 32,891 | 34,397 |
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(a) not available for published but included in totals where applicable, unless otherwise indicated.
Source: Balance of Payments and International Investment Position, Australia (5302.0). |
30.27 SERVICE EXPORTS, By country and country group(a)
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| 1997-98 | 1998-99 | 1999-2000 | 2000-01 | 2001-02 | 2002-03 |
| $m | $m | $m | $m | $m | $m |
|
Belgium and Luxemburg | 129 | 100 | 95 | 111 | 115 | 137 |
Brunei Dar-es-Salaam | 17 | 25 | 19 | 21 | 34 | 27 |
Canada | 359 | 349 | 379 | 429 | 416 | 399 |
Central America and Caribbean | 14 | 40 | 320 | 6 | 24 | 14 |
Chile | 12 | 28 | 11 | 13 | 16 | 10 |
China (excl. SARs and Taiwan Prov.) | 485 | 573 | 701 | 868 | 921 | 976 |
Fiji | 122 | 149 | 190 | 142 | 114 | 131 |
France | 191 | 265 | 290 | 366 | 357 | 377 |
Germany | 725 | 732 | 768 | 856 | 803 | 761 |
Greece | 60 | 64 | 78 | 77 | 61 | 54 |
Hong Kong (SAR of China) | 1,033 | 964 | 981 | 1,179 | 1,421 | 1,308 |
Indonesia | 933 | 835 | 787 | 869 | 986 | 972 |
Ireland, Republic of | 94 | 126 | 165 | 216 | 220 | 318 |
Italy | 251 | 288 | 271 | 294 | 238 | 252 |
Japan | 3,520 | 3,253 | 3,344 | 3,699 | 3,465 | 3,377 |
Korea, Republic of (South) | 614 | 449 | 597 | 744 | 818 | 837 |
Malaysia | 774 | 659 | 754 | 852 | 839 | 885 |
Mexico | 5 | 19 | 10 | 13 | 13 | 14 |
Netherlands | 272 | 275 | 300 | 308 | 271 | 285 |
New Zealand | 1,825 | 1,806 | 2,056 | 2,284 | 2,190 | 2,339 |
Papua New Guinea | 341 | 287 | 380 | 390 | 355 | 289 |
Philippines | 193 | 168 | 174 | 157 | 141 | 118 |
Russian Federation | 60 | 45 | 56 | 73 | 63 | 45 |
Singapore | 1,199 | 1,339 | 1,659 | 2,119 | 2,242 | 2,089 |
South Africa | 167 | 217 | 183 | 219 | 183 | 236 |
Sweden | 188 | 258 | 285 | 230 | 181 | 179 |
Switzerland | 280 | 300 | 313 | 382 | 384 | 397 |
Taiwan | 536 | 453 | 420 | 444 | 379 | 352 |
Thailand | 356 | 347 | 429 | 492 | 472 | 479 |
United Kingdom | 2,487 | 2,837 | 3,105 | 3,569 | 3,595 | 3,672 |
United States of America | 4,108 | 4,351 | 4,758 | 6,191 | 5,016 | 5,187 |
Vietnam | n.a. | 103 | 99 | 111 | 156 | 200 |
Africa n.e.s. | 122 | 114 | 134 | 182 | 272 | 129 |
America n.e.s. | 265 | 327 | 296 | 194 | 137 | 155 |
Asia n.e.s. | 980 | 1,023 | 1,208 | 1,508 | 1,527 | 1,594 |
Europe n.e.s. | 554 | 665 | 763 | 1,080 | 924 | 938 |
Oceania n.e.s. | 216 | 245 | 235 | 208 | 228 | 229 |
International institutions | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Unallocated | 1,719 | 2,163 | 1,946 | 2,628 | 2,637 | 2,663 |
Total | 25,206 | 26,242 | 28,557 | 33,547 | 32,250 | 32,471 |
ASEAN | 3,571 | 3,487 | 3,933 | 4,640 | 4,879 | 4,763 |
EU | 4,678 | 5,219 | 5,494 | 6,200 | 5,980 | 6,187 |
OECD | 15,478 | 15,780 | 16,844 | 19,790 | 18,212 | 18,612 |
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(a) At the time of compilation, final country data for 2003-04 were not available for inclusion.
Source: ABS web site <https://www.abs.gov.au>, International trade theme page, feature article 'International Trade in Services by Partner Country'. |
30.28 SERVICE IMPORTS, By country and country group(a)
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| 1997-98 | 1998-99 | 1999-2000 | 2000-01 | 2001-02 | 2002-03 |
| $m | $m | $m | $m | $m | $m |
|
Belgium and Luxemburg | 95 | 70 | 91 | 58 | 36 | 41 |
Brunei Dar-es-Salaam | 10 | 30 | 24 | 36 | 42 | 53 |
Canada | 322 | 319 | 389 | 392 | 387 | 412 |
Central America and Caribbean | 219 | 222 | 238 | 255 | 260 | 252 |
Chile | 62 | 40 | 38 | 61 | 76 | 70 |
China (excl. SARs and Taiwan Prov.) | 595 | 615 | 608 | 676 | 808 | 923 |
Fiji | 248 | 318 | 354 | 321 | 326 | 385 |
France | 393 | 351 | 381 | 425 | 419 | 538 |
Germany | 709 | 841 | 872 | 1,149 | 1,274 | 1,175 |
Greece | 237 | 234 | 267 | 281 | 278 | 202 |
Hong Kong (SAR of China) | 1,255 | 1,158 | 1,273 | 1,683 | 1,968 | 1,664 |
Indonesia | 682 | 583 | 526 | 571 | 633 | 523 |
Ireland, Republic of | 178 | 153 | 181 | 229 | 252 | 225 |
Italy | 526 | 459 | 421 | 436 | 457 | 446 |
Japan | 1,285 | 1,697 | 2,239 | 2,494 | 2,196 | 2,100 |
Korea, Republic of (South) | 315 | 205 | 206 | 335 | 302 | 409 |
Malaysia | 690 | 744 | 744 | 918 | 790 | 692 |
Mexico | 20 | 22 | 33 | 29 | 35 | 39 |
Netherlands | 468 | 499 | 597 | 518 | 398 | 557 |
New Zealand | 1,351 | 1,355 | 1,546 | 1,669 | 1,649 | 1,809 |
Papua New Guinea | 226 | 150 | 162 | 176 | 162 | 169 |
Philippines | 225 | 159 | 171 | 184 | 169 | 180 |
Russian Federation | 62 | 57 | 45 | 159 | 130 | 52 |
Singapore | 1,216 | 1,571 | 1,916 | 2,305 | 2,369 | 2,450 |
South Africa | 194 | 189 | 172 | 190 | 229 | 291 |
Sweden | 161 | 88 | 82 | 101 | 73 | 86 |
Switzerland | 619 | 727 | 751 | 920 | 1,012 | 996 |
Taiwan | 182 | 119 | 136 | 136 | 129 | 173 |
Thailand | 494 | 533 | 626 | 754 | 794 | 812 |
United Kingdom | 3,630 | 3,233 | 3,661 | 3,771 | 3,556 | 3,686 |
United States of America | 5,585 | 5,602 | 6,231 | 6,442 | 6,069 | 6,067 |
Vietnam | n.a. | 278 | 213 | 245 | 267 | 336 |
Africa n.e.s. | 184 | 269 | 420 | 361 | 334 | 278 |
America n.e.s. | 223 | 160 | 165 | 157 | 147 | 169 |
Asia n.e.s. | 738 | 733 | 870 | 1,147 | 1,245 | 1,524 |
Europe n.e.s. | 895 | 1,021 | 902 | 975 | 1,190 | 1,121 |
Oceania n.e.s. | 223 | 217 | 230 | 255 | 311 | 346 |
International institutions | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
Unallocated | 1,895 | 3,000 | 2,219 | 1,862 | 1,842 | 1,638 |
Total | 26,398 | 28,026 | 30,001 | 32,681 | 32,631 | 32,909 |
ASEAN | 3,340 | 3,913 | 4,240 | 5,028 | 5,079 | 5,047 |
EU | 6,856 | 6,284 | 6,869 | 7,326 | 7,206 | 7,405 |
OECD | 16,503 | 16,499 | 18,430 | 19,768 | 19,028 | 19,362 |
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(a) At the time of compilation, final country data for 2003-04 were not available for inclusion.
Source: ABS web site <https://www.abs.gov.au>, International trade theme page, feature article 'International Trade in Services by Partner Country'. |
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