HISTORICAL BACKGROUND


INTRODUCTION

3.1 Before the introduction of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in 1960, there were five series of retail-price indexes compiled by the then Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Those indexes were as follows:

(i) The A Series Index, covering only food, groceries and housing rents (for all houses), which was first compiled in 1912 with index numbers going back to 1901, was discontinued in 1938. Its main use was for adjusting wages between 1913 and 1933. (ii) The B Series Index, covering only food, groceries and housing rents (for four and five-roomed houses), which was first compiled in 1925, was discontinued in 1953. It was introduced to replace the A Series Index for general statistical purposes, but was never used for adjusting wages. (iii) The C Series Index, covering food and groceries, housing rents (for four and five-roomed houses), clothing, household drapery, household utensils, fuel, lighting, urban-transport fares, smoking and some miscellaneous items, which was introduced in 1921, was discontinued in 1961. The food and rent component of the C Series Index was the same as that for the B Series Index. The C Series Index was used to adjust wages from 1934 until it was discontinued. (iv) The D Series Index, which was derived by combining the A Series and C Series Indexes, and was compiled especially for wage adjustment purposes for a short period in 1933-34. (v) The Interim Retail Price Index, covering food and groceries, housing rents (for four and five-roomed houses), clothing, household drapery, household utensils, fuel, lighting, urban-transport fares, smoking, and some services and miscellaneous items which was first compiled in 1954 and was discontinued in 1960. As the name implies, the Interim Index was intended to serve as a transitional index, but to some extent it replaced the C Series Index for general statistical purposes for a few years before 1960. It was never used for wage adjustment purposes.

C SERIES INDEX

3.2 By far the most important of these old price indexes was the C Series Index which was the principal retail price index in Australia for almost forty years. It was first compiled in 1921 with index numbers compiled back to 1914. C Series Index numbers were compiled for:

(i) the capital city in each of the six states; (ii) four of the larger towns in each of the six states; (iii) weighted average of five towns (including the capital city) in each of the six states; (iv) weighted average of the six state capital cities; (v) weighted average of thirty towns (including the capital cities); and (vi) three additional towns - Whyalla, Port Augusta, and Canberra.

3.3 The C Series Index was reviewed in 1936 and a slightly revised selection of goods and services was introduced, which then remained unchanged until the C Series Index was discontinued.

3.4 The main reason for the long interval without any review or change in composition of the C Series Index after 1936 was the recurrent changes in consumption patterns which occurred during and after World War II. It was considered impossible at the time to devise a revised weighting pattern which would be any more representative of post-war consumption than the existing weighting pattern of the C Series Index. The Commonwealth Statistician of the time, in successive editions of the Labour Report during the 1950s and 1960s, explained the absence of any re-weighting of the C Series Index in the following words.

"From the outbreak of war in 1939 to late in 1948, periodic policy changes in various wartime controls (including rationing) caused recurrent changes in consumption and in the pattern of expenditure. This rendered changes desirable but made it impracticable either to produce a new index, or to revise the old one, on any basis that would render the index more representative than it already was of the changing pattern of household expenditure in those years. When commodity rationing had virtually ceased in the latter part of 1948 action was taken by the Statistician to collect price data of about 100 additional items and to gather information as to current consumption and expenditure patterns. This was done to facilitate review of the component items and weighting system of the C Series Retail Price Index in the light of the new pattern of wage earner expenditure and consumption that appeared to be then emerging. But there supervened, in the next few years, conditions which caused wide price dispersion, coupled with a very rapid rise in prices and a new sequence of changes in consumption and in the pattern of wage earner expenditure. Under these conditions it was not possible to devise any new weighting pattern likely to be more continuously representative of conditions then current, than was the existing C Series Index on the 1936 revision."

3.5 In 1953, the decision was made to continue compiling the C Series Index on its pre-war basis, but also to compile an interim retail price index based as nearly as possible on the post-war pattern of consumer usage and expenditure. Nevertheless, the C Series Index continued to be regarded by the majority of users as the principal official index, and was the one used in most indexation and escalation arrangements throughout the 1950s.


INTERIM RETAIL PRICE INDEX

3.6 The Interim Retail Price Index was based on post-war consumption weights. Compared with the C Series Index, the Interim Index covered an expanded range of items, including additional foods (such as packaged breakfast foods, soft drinks, ice cream, and confectionery) and services (such as dry-cleaning and shoe repairs). Throughout the period of its compilation, no attempt was made to revise its weights to take account of major changes in expenditure patterns and lifestyles that were occurring during the 1950s. During that decade, house renting was substantially replaced by home ownership, the use of motor cars partially replaced the use of public transport, and a variety of electrical appliances, and subsequently television, became widely used by households. During the same period, widely disparate movements occurred in the prices of different items routinely purchased by households. It was considered that the combined effect of these factors made it impracticable to introduce a comprehensive new retail price index during the period to 1960.


CONSUMER PRICE INDEX

3.7 In 1960, a new approach was tried. Instead of the former emphasis on long-term fixed-weighted indexes, the aim was to compile a series of shorter term indexes that would be chain linked to form long-term series. The Consumer Price Index, commonly referred to as the CPI, was the first price index of this kind constructed in Australia.

3.8 The CPI was first compiled in 1960 with index numbers compiled back to mid-1948. Like the old indexes, the CPI was designed to measure quarterly changes in the retail prices of goods and services purchased by metropolitan wage-earning households.

3.9 The CPI has been reviewed and re-weighted seventeen times since then. At its inception in 1960, the CPI consisted of three original series linked together with changes in weights in 1952 and 1956. Weights were changed in 1960 and subsequently in 1963, 1968, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1982, 1987, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2017. Weights are next planned to be changed in the December quarter 2018, and will be updated annually in December quarters going forward. The method of linking the sequence of short-term price indexes to form one continuous series is described in Re-referencing and linking price indexes of this manual.


LONG-TERM LINKED SERIES

3.10 To provide an approximate long-term aggregate measure of consumer price change for the period since the first Australian retail price index was compiled, the ABS has constructed a single series of index numbers by linking together selected retail and consumer price index series from amongst those described above (see Table 3.1). The index numbers are expressed with an index reference base of 1945 equals 100.0 which was the end of a period of price stability during World War II. The successive series linked together to produce this long-term series of index numbers are:

• from 1901 to 1914, the A Series Retail Price Index;
• from 1914 to 1946-47, the C Series Retail Price Index;
• from 1946-47 to 1948-49, a combination of the C Series Index, excluding the housing group of the CPI; and
• from 1948-49 onwards, the CPI.

3.11 This long-term series of index numbers is updated each year. A graph of the series taken from Table 3.1 is presented in Figure 3.1.

3.1 RETAIL/CONSUMER PRICE INDEX NUMBERS(a)(b)(c)
Year	Index	Year	Index	Year	Index	Year	Index
1901	47	1931	78	1961	252	1991	1,898
1902	50	1932	74	1962	251	1992	1,917
1903	49	1933	71	1963	252	1993	1,952
1904	46	1934	73	1964	258	1994	1,989
1905	48	1935	74	1965	268	1995	2,082
1906	48	1936	75	1966	276	1996	2,136
1907	48	1937	78	1967	286	1997	2,141
1908	51	1938	80	1968	293	1998	2,159
1909	51	1939	82	1969	302	1999	2,191
1910	52	1940	85	1970	313	2000	2,289
1911	53	1941	89	1971	332	2001	2,389
1912	59	1942	97	1972	352	2002	2,462
1913	59	1943	101	1973	385	2003	2,530
1914	61	1944	100	1974	443	2004	2,588
1915	70	1945	100	1975	510	2005	2,658
1916	71	1946	102	1976	579	2006	2,753
1917	75	1947	106	1977	650	2007	2,817
1918	80	1948	117	1978	702	2008	2,940
1919	91	1949	128	1979	766	2009	2,994
1920	103	1950	140	1980	844	2010	3,079
1921	90	1951	167	1981	926	2011	3,181
1922	87	1952	196	1982	1,028	2012	3,237
1923	89	1953	205	1983	1,132	2013	3,316
1924	88	1954	206	1984	1,177	2014	3,399
1925	88	1955	211	1985	1,257	2015	3,450
1926	90	1956	224	1986	1,370	2016	3,494
1927	89	1957	229	1987	1,487	2017	3,562
1928	89	1958	233	1988	1,594
1929	91	1959	237	1989	1,714
1930	87	1960	245	1990	1,839
(a) Base: Calendar Year 1945 = 100.0.
(b) The index numbers relate to the weighted average of six state capital cities from 1901 to 1980 and to the weighted average of eight capital cities from 1981. Index numbers are for calendar years.
(c) Any discrepancies with movements published in ABS cat. no. 6401.0 are due to different index reference periods and rounding.