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GLOSSARY

ANZSIC The Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC) is the standard classification used in Australia and New Zealand for the collection, compilation, and publication of industry statistics.

Bagasse Residue of the sugar cane milling process.

Black coal A sedimentary organic rock consisting of anthracite, bituminous and sub-bituminous rank coals. Black coal is primarily used as a solid fuel to raise steam to generate electricity and to produce coke for steelmaking.

Biofuels Produced from renewable organic sources or ‘feedstocks’, biofuels include ethanol and biodiesel, and are commonly used as a fuel in transportation.

Biomass wood Includes wood and wood waste used to produce energy, usually through burning.

Briquettes Made from brown coal through a process of crushing, drying and the addition of a binding agent, to produce a compact, high energy fuel easily transported and commonly used for industrial and domestic heating.

Brown coal Also known as lignite, is a low rank, brownish-black coal with a high moisture content of around 60%.

Butane A gaseous hydrocarbon and the fourth member of the paraffin series (following methane, ethane and propane). If exposed to higher pressures or lower temperatures it can be converted to liquid form, and is a major component of LPG.

Chain Volume Measure For certain types of economic analysis it is useful to examine estimates of the principal flows of goods and services in the economy revalued in such a way as to remove the direct effects of price change over the relevant period. These estimates are obtained by first weighting together the elemental volume indexes from the previous financial year to the current financial year, where the weights are calculated using the current price value shares of the previous financial year. Second, the resulting aggregate year-to-year volume indexes are linked together to form a time series. Third, the time series is referenced to the current price estimates of the reference year.

Coal by-products Include blast furnace gas (from iron and steel processing), coal tar and benzene/toluene/xylene (BTX) feedstock and coke oven gas (from the coke making process).

Condensate A liquid mixture of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons that form part of the vapour phase of natural gas in the reservoir and become liquid under standard field separation conditions.

Conversion loss Energy lost in the transformation of a primary fuel to a derived (secondary) energy product.

Crude oil A mixture of hydrocarbons, existing in the liquid state; both in natural underground reservoirs and at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities.

Eco-innovation In the context of energy management practices, eco-innovation strategies include: Conducting energy audits or introducing energy performance targets or indicators; Introducing renewable energy systems or equipment; Introducing energy efficiency or energy reduction measures.

Electricity The flow of electrical power or charge. It is a secondary energy source, meaning it is derived from the conversion of primary sources of energy such as coal, natural gas, oil and nuclear power.

Energy intensity A measure of the energy consumed to produce one unit of output

Environmental account An information system and framework that links the economic activities and uses of a resource to changes in the natural resource base, thus linking resource use with the System of National Accounts. See also SEEA.

Exports The exports of goods represents the quantity of goods sent to other countries or for which ownership changes from residents to non-residents.

Final use Use that finally consumes a product, as opposed to an intermediate use. Final use includes: household final consumption; government final consumption; exports; and changes in inventories.

Flow accounts General term used for a framework presents information on the physical flows of resources throughout the economy. Flow accounts published for energy include supply and use tables.

Fossil fuel Any natural fuel derived from decomposed or partly decomposed organic matter.

Gigajoule (GJ) The principal energy unit used in the energy intensity chapter of this publication is gigajoules (GJ). A gigajoule equates to one billion (10⁹) joules, and is roughly equivalent to the energy content of 29 litres of petrol or 280 kilowatt hours of electricity.

Gross energy Total energy including that derived from primary as well as secondary energy sources. See also net energy.

Hydropower A process in which flowing water is used to spin a turbine connected to a generator.

Industry gross value added (IGVA) the value of an industry’s output at basic prices, minus the value of goods and services consumed as inputs during the process of production. Basic prices valuation of output removes the distortion caused by variations in commodity taxes and subsidies across the output of individual industries.

Intermediate use Intermediate use consists of goods and services consumed as inputs by a process of production, excluding fixed assets whose consumption is recorded as consumption of fixed capital. The goods or services may be either transformed or used up by the production process.

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Natural gas which has been processed and then refrigerated to the very low temperatures needed to reach the liquid state.

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Consists of propane, butane and isobutane and petroleum and is derived by processing through a low pressure gas separation plant the natural gas produced from either gas or oil reservoirs.

Metallurgical coke Coke resulting from high-temperature retorting of suitable coal; a dense, crush-resistant fuel for use in shaft furnaces.

National Accounts Systematic summary of national economic activity. At a detailed level it shows a statistical picture of the performance and structure of the economy.

Natural gas A combustible mixture of hydrocarbon gases. While natural gas is formed primarily of methane, its composition can vary widely, commonly including ethane, propane, butane and pentane.

Net energy Total net energy accounts for the transformation process of a primary energy product to a secondary energy product and related conversion losses. In this way, estimates for total net energy avoids double-counting the amount of converted primary energy. See also gross energy.

NGER The National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting System, which commenced in relation to the 2008-09 reference period, is a framework for the mandatory reporting of greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption and energy production by Australian businesses exceeding specified thresholds.

Other volume changes Other volume changes are concerned with quantifying changes in resources that occur between one period and another.

Output This consists of those goods and services produced within a business that become available for use outside that business, plus any goods and services produced for own final use.

Petajoule (PJ) The energy supply and use data present in this publication are in petajoules (PJ). A petajoule equates to one million gigajoules, or 10¹⁵ joules, and PJs are typically used to measure national or industry energy production and consumption.

Petroleum Naturally occurring hydrocarbon or mixture of hydrocarbons as oil or gas, or in solution found in sedimentary rocks.

Primary energy source Those forms of energy obtained directly from nature. They include both non-renewable and renewable energy. Primary energy sources include firewood, coal, crude oil, natural gas, liquefied natural petroleum gases, uranium, bagasse and solar energy. In this publication hydro-electricity is treated as a secondary energy product.

Propane A gaseous hydrocarbon and the third member of the paraffin series (following methane and ethane). If exposed to higher pressures or lower temperatures it can be converted to liquid form, and is a major component of LPG.

Refined products Includes automotive gasoline and diesel, aviation gasoline and turbine fuel, kerosene and heating oil, industrial diesel and fuel oil, and others such as naphtha and petroleum coke used as fuel.

Resource A concentration of naturally occurring solid, liquid, or gaseous materials in or on the earth’s crust and in such form that its economic extraction is presently or potentially feasible. The definition does not intend to imply that exploitation of any such material will take place in that time span, but only that its possibility might reasonably be considered.

Secondary energy source Are products that have been derived from a primary energy source. Include: refined petroleum products; coal by-products; coke; and electricity.

SEEA The System for Integrated Economic and Environmental Accounting. It is a framework used to develop environmental accounts by integrating environmental information into an accounting framework. The SEEA handbook provides the conceptual basis for developing a framework to describe the inter-relationship between the natural environment and the economy. See also Environmental account.

Solar power Photovoltaic conversion generates electric power directly from the light of the sun in a photovoltaic (solar) cell. Solar thermal electric generators use the radiant energy from the sun to produce steam to drive turbines.

Structural effect The changes in energy consumption resulting from a change in the mix of industrial output, for example, a contraction in energy intensive sectors.

Supply-use framework An accounting framework utilising the basic principle that the total supply of a product is equal to its total use.

System of National Accounts The System of National Accounts (SNA) is an international framework which can be used to develop a comprehensive, consistent and flexible set of macroeconomic accounts.

Total supply Australian production plus imports.

Uranium Radioactive grey heavy metallic element, used as a source of nuclear energy.

Wind power The conversion of wind energy into electricity using wind turbines.