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As mentioned in Environment, fossil fuel combustion is the major contributor to Australia's greenhouse gas emissions. Table 15.26 shows that the electricity supply industry accounts for nearly half of total energy-related emissions, and that emissions in this industry grew by 25% between 1992-93 and 1997-98. Direct emissions by households contributed around 13% in 1997-98, most of these emissions due to motor vehicle use. Other significant direct emitters of greenhouse gases included manufacturing of iron and steel; mining; manufacturing of basic non-ferrous metals and products; air and space transport; and road transport (excluding household motor vehicle use). Combined emissions from this group of industries accounted for nearly 20% of energy-related emissions in 1997-98.
15.26 PRODUCTION OF ENERGY-RELATED GREENHOUSE GASES(a), By Industry - 1992-93 to 1997-98
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 |
1992-93
|
1993-94
|
1994-95
| 1995-96 | 1996-97 | 1997-98 | Change
1992-93
to
1997-98 |
| Industry | Gg CO2-e(b) | Gg CO2-e | Gg CO2-e | Gg CO2-e | Gg CO2-e | Gg CO2-e | % |
|
| Agriculture; hunting and trapping; forestry and fishing | 6,053 | 6,252 | 6,518 | 6,737 | 6,988 | 7,188 | 18.8 |
| Mining | 10,986 | 11,237 | 12,295 | 13,271 | 14,596 | 15,136 | 37.8 |
| Manufacturing - | | | | | | | |
| - Meat/meat products | 719 | 740 | 744 | 719 | 658 | 643 | -10.6 |
| - Dairy products | 717 | 715 | 747 | 756 | 727 | 737 | 2.8 |
| - Fruit and vegetable products | 303 | 320 | 325 | 353 | 339 | 337 | 11.2 |
| - Oils and fats | 157 | 156 | 159 | 149 | 152 | 157 | 0 |
| - Flour/cereal products | 296 | 302 | 310 | 334 | 331 | 334 | 12.8 |
| - Bakery products | 202 | 188 | 221 | 233 | 224 | 224 | 10.9 |
| - Confectionary/other foods | 731 | 819 | 902 | 1,080 | 1,030 | 1,016 | 39.0 |
| - Beverages | 326 | 341 | 338 | 325 | 318 | 307 | -5.8 |
| - Tobacco products | 48 | 45 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 48 | 0 |
| - Textiles, clothing, footwear | 522 | 513 | 617 | 606 | 599 | 574 | 10.0 |
| - Wood/wood products; paper, printing and publishing | 2,372 | 2,321 | 2,494 | 2,477 | 2,728 | 2,644 | 11.5 |
| - Petroleum/coal products | 6,747 | 6,717 | 7,390 | 7,674 | 7,024 | 7,276 | 7.8 |
| - Basic chemicals | 4,175 | 4,100 | 4,620 | 5,527 | 4,317 | 4,712 | 12.9 |
| - Other chemicals, rubber and plastic products | 213 | 214 | 323 | 373 | 387 | 376 | 76.5 |
| - Glass and glass products | 596 | 587 | 541 | 503 | 503 | 494 | -17.1 |
| - Ceramic products | 1,191 | 1,167 | 1,285 | 1,163 | 1,101 | 1,135 | -4.7 |
| - Cement; lime and concrete; plaster and other concrete | 2,374 | 2,625 | 2,852 | 2,643 | 2,721 | 2,891 | 21.8 |
| - Other non-metallic mineral products | 782 | 772 | 676 | 663 | 699 | 656 | -16.1 |
| - Iron and steel | 15,163 | 15,122 | 15,836 | 15,713 | 16,141 | 17,572 | 15.9 |
| - Basic non-ferrous metal and products | 13,354 | 13,675 | 13,832 | 13,821 | 13,920 | 13,542 | 1.4 |
| - Fabricated metal products | 444 | 457 | 489 | 494 | 498 | 501 | 12.8 |
| - Transport equipment; other machinery and equipment | 757 | 792 | 819 | 847 | 866 | 884 | 16.8 |
| - Miscellaneous manufacturing | 242 | 246 | 98 | 102 | 105 | 107 | -55.8 |
| Total | 52,431 | 52,934 | 55,665 | 56,603 | 55,437 | 57,166 | 9.0 |
| | | | | | | |
| Electricity and gas - | | | | | | | |
| - Electricity supply | 135,256 | 136,424 | 141,773 | 147,531 | 152,899 | 168,845 | 24.8 |
| - Gas supply | 731 | 740 | 639 | 724 | 712 | 717 | -1.9 |
| Total | 135,987 | 137,164 | 142,412 | 148,256 | 153,611 | 169,562 | 24.7 |
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| Construction | 4,293 | 4,419 | 4,582 | 4,809 | 4,819 | 4,958 | 15.5 |
| Transport - | | | | | | | |
| - Road transport | 7,795 | 8,070 | 8,475 | 8,860 | 9,279 | 9,556 | 22.6 |
| - Rail, pipeline, other transport; services to transport; storage | 4,265 | 4,378 | 4,520 | 4,710 | 4,864 | 5,532 | 29.7 |
| - Water transport | 3,625 | 3,761 | 4,754 | 4,858 | 4,536 | 4,078 | 12.5 |
| - Air and space transport | 9,758 | 10,123 | 11,361 | 12,280 | 12,736 | 11,772 | 20.6 |
| Total | 25,443 | 26,332 | 29,111 | 30,708 | 31,415 | 30,939 | 21.6 |
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| Services - | | | | | | | |
| - Wholesale trade; retail trade; repairs | 3,211 | 3,299 | 3,482 | 3,606 | 3,700 | 3,806 | 18.5 |
| - Communication services | 180 | 180 | 189 | 196 | 202 | 206 | 14.4 |
| - Finance and insurance; ownership of dwellings; property and business services | 1,077 | 1,106 | 1,145 | 1,187 | 1,229 | 1,254 | 16.4 |
| - Government administration | 621 | 636 | 664 | 681 | 712 | 727 | 17.1 |
| - Education; health and community services | 1,708 | 1,755 | 1,717 | 1,750 | 1,764 | 1,811 | 6.0 |
| - Accommodation, cafes and restaurants; cultural and recreational services; personal and other services | 871 | 903 | 1,006 | 1,063 | 1,081 | 1,118 | 28.4 |
| - Water supply, sewerage and drainage services | 113 | 117 | 121 | 128 | 135 | 140 | 23.9 |
| Total | 7,781 | 7,997 | 8,325 | 8,610 | 8,823 | 9,063 | 16.5 |
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| Household production | 42,194 | 42,990 | 44,051 | 44,361 | 45,286 | 45,587 | 8.0 |
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| Total | 285,168 | 289,325 | 302,959 | 313,355 | 320,975 | 339,597 | 19.1 |
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(a) Excludes fugitive emissions.
(b) Giga grams of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-e).
Note: Due to varying classification systems, definitional differences, and various states of revision of data sources, figures will not necessarily reconcile with other data sources. Statistics of greenhouse gas emissions are also available for 1999 from the Australian Greenhouse Office (AGO 2000).
Source: Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Accounts, Australia, 1992-93 to 1997-98 (4604.0). |
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While table 15.26 presents the direct generation of greenhouse gases by the energy-using industry group or sector, graph 15.25 shows that the bulk of Australia's energy-related greenhouse gases were emitted in the production and consumption of goods and services for the purpose of household final consumption (about 56%). A further 23% of energy-related emissions were generated in the production of goods and services for export. Other final use categories (general government final consumption, and gross fixed capital formation) were responsible for the remaining emissions.
The consumption of electricity by households indirectly produced the greatest amount of energy-related greenhouse gas emissions (17%). This was followed by direct emissions by households (15%), most of which is due to the consumption of motor vehicle fuels. The most significant contributor to energy-related greenhouse gas emissions resulting from production of goods and services for export is basic non-ferrous metals and products (6% of total energy-related greenhouse gases). A significant proportion of emissions is also attributed to buildings and other construction, such as roads, irrigation systems, oil refineries, and water and gas supply systems, that contain high levels of embodied energy (about 7% of total greenhouse gas emissions). Graphs 15.27 to 15.29 show the contributions that the production or consumption of various goods and services make towards Australia's greenhouse gas emissions.
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