INTRODUCTION

Jobs in Australia provides aggregate statistics from the recently developed Linked Employer-Employee Dataset (LEED). It provides new information about filled jobs in Australia, the people who hold them, and their employers.

A job is a relationship between an employed person and an employing enterprise. This can be a relationship between an employee and an employer or between an owner manager of an unincorporated enterprise (OMUE) and their own enterprise.

A person can have a number of jobs throughout the year, and some jobs will be held concurrently with others. Jobs in Australia describes all job relationships accumulated over the course of a year. This means that job counts in this publication are higher than the estimates of filled jobs published in the quarterly Australian Labour Account, which provides a point-in-time, or stock measure. These statistics about jobs also differ from Labour Force Survey statistics, which estimate the number of people who held a job in each month.

Median employment income per job is based on all filled jobs during the reference year. This includes jobs of short duration such as jobs worked over the holiday period and seasonal agricultural jobs. This means that the median employment income per job in this publication is quite low when compared to other employment income information. The inability to differentiate part-time and full-time jobs also has an impact.

The ABS acknowledges the continuing support of the Australian Tax Office (ATO) in compiling these statistics, which provide fresh new annual insights into the Australian labour market.

OVERVIEW

In 2015-16, 13.3 million people held a job in Australia at some point during the year, totalling 18.5 million jobs.

Of these, 16.5 million were employee jobs and 2.0 million were OMUE jobs. Of the employee jobs, 77% were private sector jobs.

Approximately half of all jobs held in 2015-16 were with employers with fewer than 200 employees (9.2 million jobs), with small businesses (less than 20 employees) contributing 5.2 million of these. Large businesses (with 200 or more employees) provided 7.5 million jobs.

Close to three out of every four employed people held only one job during the year. These people had higher median total employment incomes than people who held more than one job over the course of the year. The median total employment income for those with only one job was $48,344, compared to $44,531 for people who held two jobs during the year.

In 2015-16, of the occupations recorded in the dataset, the most common were Professionals (18%) and Clerical and administrative workers (11%). The least common were Machinery operators and drivers (5%), and Sales workers (7%).

The highest number of employee jobs were held by people in the 25 to 29 year age group (2.3 million jobs), of which 52% were held by males and 48% by females. OMUE jobs were most commonly held by older workers, with the highest numbers in the 50 to 54 year age group.

The median employee income per job was $27,494 for all persons, $34,649 for males, and $22,406 for females. After adjusting for the duration of the job, in 2015-16, the median employee income per job was $43,003 for all persons, $52,589 for males, and $34,681 for females. It is important to note that this adjustment focused on duration as a measure of elapsed time, and not the total hours worked, which are not currently collected in tax data.

The age group with the highest median employee income per job was 50 to 54 years at $46,816. Although there were similar numbers of males and females in this age group, the high median employee income in this cohort was driven primarily by males ($59,630, compared to females at $37,797). When adjusted for job duration, both the 40 to 44 years and 45 to 49 years age groups had higher median employee incomes ($57,973 and $57,364 respectively) than the 50 to 54 years group ($56,740). This difference is partly due to higher job-mobility in these younger age groups.

Figure 1 shows the breakdown of jobs and median employment income per job by the age group and sex of the job holder. In 2015-16 and earlier years, the median employment income for jobs held by males has tended to peak more sharply at younger ages than it has for females; however, the decline in income per job experienced by older job holders is similar for males and females.

MULTIPLE JOB HOLDERS

A multiple job holder is a person who held more than one employee job concurrently during the year. In 2015-16, approximately 15% of employed persons were multiple job holders, which has been steady over recent years.

Of the 1.9 million multiple job holders, 54% were female and most lived in capital city regions (67%).

Most multiple job holders held only two concurrent jobs at any point in 2015-16 (81%), although close to 5% held four or more jobs at the same time, as shown in Figure 2.

The median total employment income of multiple job holders was $39,813. Those with a maximum of two concurrent jobs recorded a median employment income of $40,570, while people with 3 jobs and 4 or more jobs had lower median employment incomes ($36,791 and $37,706 respectively).

The highest proportion of multiple job holders worked their first concurrent job in the Health care and social assistance industry (14%), and almost four out of every five of these workers were female. The Administrative and support services industry contributed the largest share of second concurrent jobs (14%), with these being shared by male and female multiple job holders more evenly (57% males and 43% females).

The top three industries employing female multiple job holders in their first concurrent job were Health care and social assistance (220,000 female multiple job holders), Education and training (151,900), and Retail trade (117,400).

The top three industries employing male multiple job holders in their first concurrent job were Administrative and support services (116,300 male multiple job holders), Construction (101,500), and Accommodation and food services (83,000).

The highest median employee incomes for first concurrent jobs were in Mining ($68,868), followed by Electricity, gas, water and waste services ($47,232). The Mining industry also recorded the highest median employee income for second jobs ($9,315), while Construction paid the second highest ($6,876).

The lowest median employee incomes for first concurrent jobs were in Accommodation and food services ($13,360), closely followed by Agriculture, forestry and fishing ($13,460). The same industries had the lowest median employee incomes for second jobs, at $3,082 and $3,187 respectively.



INDUSTRY OF JOBS

The Health care and social assistance industry provided the highest proportion of jobs, contributing approximately 10% of all jobs in 2015-16, which has been relatively consistent over recent years. Of the 1.9 million jobs within Health care and social assistance, 79% were held by females.

The next highest proportions of jobs were in Retail trade (9%) and Administrative and support services (8%), as shown in Figure 3.

Of the 9.6 million jobs held by males, the top three industries were Construction (11%), Administrative and support services (9%), and Manufacturing (8%), while the lowest were Electricity, gas, water and waste services (1.0%), Information media and telecommunications (1.6%), and Arts and recreation services (162,600 jobs, 1.7%).

Of the 8.9 million jobs held by females, after the Health care and social assistance industry (which accounted for 17% of jobs held by females), the top industries were Education and training (11%) and Retail trade (10%). The lowest were Electricity, gas, water and waste services (0.4%), Mining (0.4%), and Information media and telecommunications (1.3%).

Employee jobs in the Mining industry had the highest median employee income ($110,386), followed by Electricity, gas, water and waste services ($77,161), and Public administration and safety ($62,292). The lowest per job median employee incomes were in Agriculture, forestry and fishing industry ($6,906), followed by Accommodation and food services ($7,293) and Arts and recreation services ($8,847).

After adjusting for job duration, the top three industries maintained their ranking for median employee income per job; however, industries with the lowest median incomes changed slightly. Duration adjusted median incomes ranked Accommodation and food services lowest ($15,681), closely followed by Arts and recreation services ($15,702), and Agriculture, forestry and fishing ($25,000).


The LEED enables detailed analysis of jobs held in industries across 2,288 statistical area level 2 (SA2) regions.

The region with the highest number of mining jobs in 2015-16 was Mount Isa, with residents working in 2,900 jobs, followed by the residents of Perth City (2,800), which likely reflects the usual residence of fly-in fly-out workers, and residents of Kalgoorlie (2,100). Total mining jobs in these regions decreased by 9% since 2014-15 and by 14% over the five year period.

Residents of three neighbouring regions in south-east Melbourne held the highest numbers of manufacturing jobs: Dandenong (3,000), Hampton Park - Lynbrook (2,800), and Keysborough (2,600).

Residents of two Western Australian regions also topped the list for the number of construction jobs in 2015-16: Baldivis (3,200) and Perth City (3,100), though both of these were down slightly from 2014-15 levels.

People in the Sydney - Haymarket - The Rocks region worked the highest number of jobs in the Accommodation and food services (11,600), Administrative and support services (8,400) and Retail trade (2,800) industries in Australia in 2015-16. In this area, the total number of jobs contributed by these industries increased by 12% since 2011-12.

The highest number of jobs in the Education and training industry were held by people living in Armidale (3,500), in northern New South Wales, and Brunswick (3,500), in inner-city Melbourne.

The highest number of jobs in the Health care and social assistance industry were held by people living in Richmond in inner suburban Melbourne (2,900), Port Macquarie – East, on the mid-north coast of New South Wales (2,800) and Ellenbrook, in the outer suburbs of Perth (2,800).


JOBS BY REGION

In 2015-16, more than 12.5 million jobs were held by residents of greater capital city regions, with 3.9 million of them in the greater Sydney area.

Table 1 shows the five regions with the highest number of jobs in each state and territory. The highest number of jobs were held by residents of Sydney - Haymarket - The Rocks (48,600), Perth City (46,300) and Melbourne (39,500), which reflects the high population density in these regions.

Table 2 shows the regions with the highest ratio of jobs to population in each state and territory. The three regions with the highest number of jobs per person, which takes accounts of all of the individual jobs worked through the year compared to the population, were all in the Northern Territory. Woolner – Bayview – Winnellie topping the list at 2 jobs per person, followed by the neighbouring regions of Darwin City and Charles Darwin. High ratios can indicate high levels of labour mobility and churn, high employment levels, and high rates of multiple job holding.

NEW SOUTH WALES	VICTORIA	QUEENSLAND	SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Sydney – Haymarket – The Rocks 48,600 Waterloo - Beaconsfield 30,800 Potts Point – Woolloomooloo 27,100 Parramatta – Rosehill 27,100 Coogee – Clovelly 26,900	Melbourne 39,500 Richmond 32,700 St Kilda 32,600 Brunswick 27,900 Tarneit 26,700	Upper Coomera – Willow Vale 25,400 Surfers Paradise 24,500 North Lakes – Mango Hill 23,700 Forest Lake – Doolandella 22,400 Jimboomba 16,500	Plympton 19,000 Unley – Parkside 16,300 Glenelg 16,300 Northgate – Oakden – Gilles Plains 16,200 Seaford 16,000
WESTERN AUSTRALIA	TASMANIA	NORTHERN TERRITORY	AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY
Perth City 46,300 Ellenbrook 29,000 Baldivis 27,200 Rivervale – Kewdale – Cloverdale 22,800 Wanneroo 21,300	Sandy Bay 10,200 Devonport 9,800 Kingston – Huntingfield 8,300 Hobart 8,200 Kingston Beach – Blackmans Bay 7,900	Darwin City 13,500 Katherine 10,100 Charles 8,300 Humpty Doo 8,000 Rosebery – Bellamack 6,200	Kambah 11,900 Ngunnawal 9,100 Gordon 6,800 Harrison 6,600 Kaleen 6,300

NEW SOUTH WALES	VICTORIA	QUEENSLAND	SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Sydney – Haymarket – The Rocks 1.6 Darlinghurst 1.3 Surry Hills 1.2 Potts Point – Woolloomooloo 1.2 Bondi Beach – North Bondi 1.2	Prahran – Windsor 1.2 St Kilda 1.2 Abbotsford 1.1 St Kilda East 1.0 Brunswick East 1.0	Brisbane City 1.5 Cairns City 1.3 Mackay 1.3 Fortitude Valley 1.2 Spring Hill 1.2	Naracoorte 1.0 Ceduna 1.0 Renmark 1.0 Penola 0.9 Clare 0.9
WESTERN AUSTRALIA	TASMANIA	NORTHERN TERRITORY	AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY
Perth City 1.4 Margaret River 1.2 Scarborough 1.1 Kununurra 1.0 Victoria Park – Lathlain – Burswood 1.0	Hobart 1.0 Launceston 0.9 West Hobart 0.9 King Island 0.9 South Hobart - Fern Tree 0.9	Woolner – Bayview – Winnellie 2.0 Darwin City 1.9 Charles Darwin 1.8 Stuart Park 1.3 Palmerston – North 1.1	Kingston 1.1 Dickson 1.0 Turner 1.0 Campbell 1.0 Phillip 1.0

The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) had the highest median employee income per job in 2015-16 ($37,710), a ranking held since 2011-12. All states and territories recorded higher median employee income per job in the greater capital city area in comparison to the rest of state or territory.

In 2015-16, the three regions with the highest median employee income per job were all in the ACT. Barton topped the list ($62,934), followed by its neighbour, Kingston ($61,071) and then Duntroon ($57,679). In the previous year, Kingston topped the list, with Barton second and Ashburton, in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, in third place.

After adjusting for job duration, Ashburton topped the list in the two most recent years ($81,083 in 2015-16 and $83,759 in 2014-15).

Table 3 lists the five SA2 regions with highest median employee income per job within each state and territory in 2015-16.

NEW SOUTH WALES	VICTORIA	QUEENSLAND	SOUTH AUSTRALIA
St Leonards – Naremburn $50,582 Balmain $47,603 Crows Nest – Waverton $47,406 Lilyfield – Rozelle $46,292 Cremorne – Cammeray $45,693	Port Melbourne $43,998 Newport $39,880 Gowanbrae $38,822 Point Cook – South $37,000 Airport West $37,000	Weipa $53,048 Grange $40,958 Wakerley $40,729 Upper Kedron – Ferny Grove $40,700 Bulimba $40,050	Roxby Downs $44,329 Golden Grove $37,349 Sheidow Park – Trott Park $36,328 Whyalla $36,261 Greenwith $36,035
WESTERN AUSTRALIA	TASMANIA	NORTHERN TERRITORY	AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY
Ashburton $53,109 North Coogee $44,089 Roebourne $42,088 Port Hedland $41,025 Kalgoorlie – North $38,747	Old Beach – Otago $36,123 Howrah – Tranmere $35,500 Geilston Bay – Risdon $35,264 Austins Ferry – Granton $34,966 Cambridge $33,206	Palmerston – North $43,443 Lyons $42,226 Durack – Marlow Lagoon $41,568 Palmerston – South $38,883 Rosebery – Bellamack $38,576	Barton $62,934 Kingston $61,071 Duntroon $57,481 Wright $51,844 Forde $49,323

Figure 4 shows the jobs to population ratio and median employment income per job across the states and territories in 2015-16. Map 1 shows the 2015-16 jobs to population ratio for regions across Australia.